CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 3 – DCQ30144

LECTURER : ENCIK MOHD ANUWAR BIN SIMON

FASHION
Topic : Site & SoilGENERAL
Investigation
GROUP MEMBERS NAME REGISTRATION NUMBER
MUHAMMAD ALIF ASYRAF BIN MOHAMAD NASRI 03DUB20F2001
MUHAMMAD YUSF BIN CHE AZIZ 03DUB20F2010
MUHAMMAD KHAIRULANUAR BIN SUZAIMI 03DUB20F2008
MUHAMMAD AMAR HAFIZ BIN ISHAK 03DUB20F2019
MUHAMMAD AKMAL MUIZ BIN RUSLIZAN 03DUB20F2004
THE ZI YAO 03DUB20F2015
 DEFINITION OF
SITE
INVESTIGATION
Site investigation is the
process of looking into a
planned construction site
in order to collect,
evaluate, and report
information and data about
the site.
 OBJECTIVES OF SITE INVESTIGATION
a) WORK
To access the general suitability of the site.
b) To achieve safe and economical design of foundations and temporary works.
c) To know the nature of each stratum and engineering properties of the soil and rock, which may affect the
design and mode of construction of proposed structure and foundation.
d) To foresee and provide against difficulties that may arise during construction due to ground and other local
conditions.
e) To find out the sources of construction material and selection of sites for disposal of water or surplus material.
f) To investigate the occurrence or causes of all natural and man made changes in conditions and the results
arising from such changes.
g) To ensure the safety of surrounding existing structures.
h) To design for the failed structures or remedial measures for the structures deemed to be unsafe.
i) To locate the ground water level and possible corrosive effect of soil and water on foundation material.
PURPOSE OF
SITE
INVESTIGATIO
NThe purpose of a site investigation is to
make sure that the groundwater conditions
are ideal, that the physical properties of
rock and soil can accommodate
construction, and that the building will be
safe for anyone who enters it
 Minimizes
01 Damage
THE
IMPORTANCE OF 02 Saves on Costs
A SITE
Helps Determine
INVESTIGATION 03 the Construction
Materials
Increases the
04 Safety of the
Project

WALK OVER
SURVEY
PROCESS
As outlined in Environment
Agency's Land Contamination:
Risk Management guidelines, a
site walkover should record
information such as the:
• Current use and status of the site - occupied or vacant
• General condition of site and surrounding land use
• Presence of visual surface staining and odours
• Topography and surface condition - open ground,
hardstanding and other geotechnical or surface
features
• Local surface water features
• Ecology
• Presence and type of vegetation
• Presence and extent of any invasive plant species
• Buildings and below or above ground structures such as
fuel tanks
• Above and likely below ground services
• Access and security
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED IN
A WALK OVER SURVEY

Pocket penetrometer
or hand vane
Measuring Tape
Compass Abney level or Rabone
Chesterman ‘Angle finder’
Postholer auger,
spade &
polyethylene bags

Camera

Site maps/plans
 ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF
WALK OVER SURVEY
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
I. Be able to identify hazards present at
I. High cost
construction sites.
II. Information related to the construction
II. Able to make accurate measurements for
site is insufficient.
construction work.
III. Soil measurements become inaccurate.
III. Gather important information related to
IV. The construction time period increased
the construction site to be studied.
due to the problems encountered.
IV. Be able to identify the condition of soil
V. Many problems will occur.
at the site.
V. Able to launch the next construction
process.
 DESK STUDY
DEFINITION
A desk study is part of a
geotechnical site investigation
and involves the study and
review of existing information
about a site through resources
such as maps and paper records.
It is carried out at an early stage
of site investigation.
 • Detailed site reconnaissance (walkover) survey

DESK STUDY • Coal Mining Risk Assessment (obtained from the

Coal Authority)
• Geological Assessment

PROCESS • Obtain a series of historical plans and information to

assess a sites historical use from the mid-1850s to
present and assess any pertinent environmental

The process of completing issues / constraints.

• Radon and initial ground gas assessments.
a desk study generally • Preliminary consideration of fluvial/coastal,
includes: groundwater and surface water flooding risk.
• Assessment of anticipated ground conditions and any
potential risks/constraints; and,
• Preparation of a Conceptual Site Model & Risk
Assessment.
TOOLS USED FOR Site plan
DESK STUDY

Projector & Projector

Typography Map
Screen
TOOLS USED FOR Calculator
DESK STUDY

Mechanical Pencil
Scale ruler
 FASHION GENERAL
GROUND INVESTIGATION
WHAT IS GROUND INVESTIGATION ?

exploring the
identify soil conditions
POINT 1 geotechnical and POINT 2 before the project is carried
environmental
properties of the
ground, including
.
groundwater.
?

Detect annoying cavities

reduce the risk of loss
POINT 4 such as drainage holes, POINT 3 and danger
sewerage holes and
?
manholes,
?
 Ground Investigation is to
investigate :

 Sanitation
 Vegetations Sanitatio
?
 Water Courses n Water
 Existing serounding Courses
Existing
surroundin
g
Vegetations
SANITATION
Sanitation refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking water and
treatment as well as disposal of human feces and sewage. Preventing human
contact with feces is part of sanitation, as is washing hands with soap.

Ground investigation makes easier to us to study about that

construction site, so we can reduce the risks of building project

There are lot of examples of sanitation. Sanitation can be

problems or benefits to the building construction, it depends on
what the project wants to build like hotel, school, or factory.
 EXP OF
Drainage SANITATION
• The removal of fluid or purulent material from a wound or body cavity.

.
?

SURFACE
SUB-SURFACE

the removal of excess water The removal of water from

from the surface of the the rootzone. It is
land. This is normally accomplished by deep open
accomplished by shallow drains or buried pipe
ditches, also called open drains. i. Deep open drains.
drains. The shallow ditches The excess water from the
discharge into larger and rootzone flows into the
deeper collector drains open drains
 LAKE

SEWERAGE
MANHOLE is an area filled with
is the infrastructure water, localized in a
that conveys sewage is an opening to a basin, surrounded by
or surface runoff confined space such land, and set apart
(stormwater, as a shaft, utility vault, from any river or other
meltwater, rainwater) or large vessel outlet that serves to
using sewers. feed or drain the lake
Example of buildings that commonly constructed :

Hotel

School

Factory
Resort
BUILDING TO SANITATION

BUILDING SANITATION BURIED

  Drainage ✖️
Sewerage ✖️
Hotel
Lake ✖️
Manhole ✔️
  Drainage ✖️
Sewerage ✔️
Resort
Lake ✖️
Manhole ✔️
  Drainage ✖️
Sewerage ✖️
School
Lake ✖️
Manhole ✔️
  Drainage ✖️
Sewerage ✔️
Factory
Lake ✔️
Manhole ✔️
   Drainage ✖️
Sewerage ✔️
Jail
Lake ✔️
Manhole ✔️
BUILDING TO VEGITATION

TEXT TEXT
HERE HERE
BUILDING VEGITATION CUT DOWN

Hotel Bush
✔️
Resort Bush
✔️
School Bush
✔️
Factory Bush
✖️
Jail Bush
✔️
 BUILDING TO WATERCOURSES

 
for example, if you want to do the construction of a building such as a factory, school and
prison, the area of ​the construction site where there is a river, waterfall or lake, the
contractor will cancel the selection of the site due to unsuitability because of safety aspect
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Typically, for water resources, some building constructions will first identify whether
the site has obstructions or not
 
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It can be used as an addition to the decoration of the building and attract the
attention of the public

If you want to build a hotel or resort on a site that has water resources such as ponds,
lakes. rivers and waterfalls are highly preferred.
 BUILDING TO SERROUNDING

HOTEL AND It can be used as an addition to the decoration of

RESORT the building and attract the attention of the pucbli
construction sites close to forests will be avoided due to public
safety aspects

For the school construction project, the aspect that will

be emphasized is the area close to the housing estate
SCHOOL
because it can facilitate parents in sending their children
to school and also the safety aspect of children when
returning home because a close house will ensure the
safety of children to go back to their home.
areas close to rivers, lakes and forests will be avoided to
ensure the safety of the public as it is very dangerous for
children when going to school and returning home.
 JAIL AND FACTORY

in constructing prison and factory buildings, residential

areas and school areas will be shunned or will not be
selected on the safety and health aspects of local
residents and the public.
Thick factory smoke will interfere with the ventilation of
residential areas and will cause health problem to people
and students in the school
 SOIL
INVESTIGATION
DEFINE

 Site investigation or Sub-Soil explorations are done for obtaining the information
about subsurface conditions at the site proposed for constructions
 Soil investigation is to carry out physical testing on site to understand the ground
conditions for geotechnical design (foundations, retaining walls & soil
improvement).
 Soil investigation involves the investigation at the surface and subsurface that
acquiring all types of ground informationor data effecting design and construction of
the project.
 Objective

1. To know about the order of occurrence of soil and rock strata.

2. To select a suitable type of foundation.

3. To select suitable soil improvement techniques.

4. To know about the location of the groundwater table level and its variations.

5. Determination of engineering properties of soil and rock strata that affects the performance of the structure.

6. To find the bearing capacity of the soil.

7. To select suitable construction equipment.

8. To predict the lateral earth pressure against retaining walls and abutments.

9. Determination of the depth and thickness of various soil strata and their extentin horizontal direction.

10. To forecast problems occurring in foundations and their solutions.

11. Determination of in-situ properties by performing field tests.

 PURPOSE:

Determine the nature of the soil at the construction site before

starting construction.

Be able to identify soil conditions

Determine the construction structure for a project

Identify whether a construction area is suitable or not

 IMPORTANTS:
Determine the soil's appropriateness, which will allow you to determine whether
the construction project can be handled at the site.

You can help identify the different types of soil on the site and where they are by
drilling in multiple spots on the site.

Assess the soil's strength, density, compaction, pollution, sand content, and other
characteristics, as well as the soil's potential impact on the construction project.

Gather the information you'll need to produce technical and safety reports that
will aid you in obtaining planning authorization from the council.

Obtain exact results and ensure the project's highest quality and safety
 Method of soil
Method of boring investigation
1.Auger boring

The auger is held vertically and is driven into the ground by rotating its
handle by applying leverage. The auger is pressed down during the
process of rotation. At every 30 cm of depth penetrated, the auger is taken
out and the samples of the/soils are collected separately for examination
2.Rotary Drilling
Rotary drilling is used to form Deep observation borehole or for Obtaining representative samples of rock which could not
be Recovered using cable Percussion. The drilling method Involves a powered rotary Cutting head on the end of a Shaft,
which is driven into the Ground as it rotates. The system Requires lubrication such as Water to make the drilling pit Easy to
rotating into the ground and keep it cool.
3.Wash boring

Wash boring consists of Simultaneous drilling and Jetting action. A hole is

bored Through a casing by using a Drilling bit. Jetting action is
accomplished By pumping water downward Through the drilling bit to
soften The soil. Samples taken using the wash boring method are Disturbed
samples.
4.Percussion Drilling

This method consists of Breaking up of the sub-strata By repeated blows from

a bit Or chisel. The material thus Pulverized is converted into Slurry by
pouring water in the Bore/ At intervals the slurry is Bailed out of the hole and
Dried for examination. This Method can be adopted in Soil and rocks having
Balder.
 GROUNDWATE
Geologic Methods R
• A Geologic investigation begins with the collection, analysis, and hydrogeologic interpretation of
existing topographic maps, aerial photographs, geologic maps and logs, and other pertinent records.
• This should be supplemented, when possible, by geologic field reconnaissance and by evaluation of
available hydrologic data on stream flow and springs, well yields, groundwater recharge, discharge,
and levels and water quality.
Test Pits and Trenches
• Test pits and trenches are excavations on the ground surface for in situ examinations of
near surface soil, rocks or any other geologic formations.
• These excavations can be done by hand tools or by power equipment like backhoes,
bulldozers, scrapers, etc
• Test pits are usually square or circular in shape with 1-3 m length or diameter, respectively.
These are deeper than trenches which are about 1 to 2 m wide and may extend to any
lengths
Gravity Method
• Gravimeters are used in this method to measure the differences in density on the earth’s
surface that may indicate the underlying geologic structures.
• The gravity method is a widely used geophysical method for finding out mineral resources and
groundwater in sedimentary terrain
• Because the method is expensive and because differences in water content in subsurface strata
seldom involve measurable differences in specific gravity at the surface, the gravity method has
little application to groundwater prospecting.
Seismic Method
Seismic methods are of two kinds as seismic refraction and reflection methods:
• The seismic refraction method involves the creation of a small shock at the earth's surface
either by the impact of a heavy instrument or by a small explosive charge and measuring the
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time required for the resulting sound, or shock, wave to travel known distances
• Seismic reflection methods provide information on geologic structure thousands of meters
below the surface, whereas seismic refraction methods-of interest in groundwater
studies-go only about 100 meters deep
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 Effect of ground water table for construction
Groundwater is a frequent cause of disputes between owners and contractors in construction
projects.

Common ground water Common ground water

issues during construction: problems after construction:
• Unstable subgrade • Water leaks, wet basements,
• Unstable excavation and and mold growth
water seepage • Cracked and uneven floors
• Construction delays and • Cracked and uneven walls
cost overrun • Unstable slopes and
retaining walls
• Delayed movements of
foundations
How is groundwater identified and
evaluated during planning and
construction?

 Reconnaissance

 Subsurface Investigation
 Methods of Groundwater control and
1. Sump pumpingdewatering
2. Wellpoint systems
3. Siphon draining
4. Deep well systems
5. Ejector systems

Control Ground Water in Excavation by Compressed Air Method

• The use of compressed air is advised in the case where environmental concerns are encountered
specifically when ground water employed as a reservoir for drinkable water, consequently the use
of solid materials like cement is prevented.
• Compressed air technique is commonly employed for controlling ground water in excavations of
tunnels and shafts.
• Controlling ground water by compressed air cannot be carried out unless certain conditions are
met.
Preparation for Compressed Air Technique to Control Removing Waste Materials from Excavations

Groundwater, Diaphragm Wall Construction

 Control of Ground Water in Excavations by
 Freezing
not recommended to use unless all other methods fails to provide desired result or inappropriate to choose due to certain factors.
 This is because the cost of controlling ground water by freezing is significantly high due to large number of boreholes required to
be drilled around the excavation area.
 to control ground water for example in extremely deep shaft excavation where the pressure of ground water is seriously high
 To prevent the formation of unfrozen spaces in the frozen area, boreholes shall be exactly vertical and errors must be kept as
minimum as possible in addition to provide small spacing between boreholes.
 Common uses :
a. Groundwater control
b. Excavation support
c. Tunneling

 The time during which the ground is frozen ranges between 1 to 4 months.
 SOIL TESTING FOR CONSTRUCTION 3 Considerations Before Soil Testing

 Soil testing is a very important part of building and road

 Soil testing labs
construction.
 Best time to get soil tests
 In fact, no construction project can proceed without first
 License and Permits
making sure the soil can support the load.

 Thus, the purpose of soil testing for construction is to

determine the suitability of the soil for the type of

construction to be done.

 The test is also done to determine the presence of

groundwater.
i. Determine the suitability of the soil and assess whether it can accommodate your WHY USE SOIL TESTING FROM SGS
FOR YOUR CONSTRUCTION
construction project PROJECTS?

ii. Identify the different types of soil on your site and their location

iii. Test your soil for strength, density, compaction, contamination, organics and sand content,

and assess their impact on your construction project

iv. Gain the data you need to compile technical and safety data reports to support planning

permissions and license applications

v. Get precise results and observe the development of the soil throughout your construction

project for maximum quality and safety

 Types of soil tests for construction

 There are several different types of preconstruction soil testing.

 The type of test depends on the properties of the soil.
 The design of the foundation is based on the soil test report.
 Some tests are conducted at the construction site while others are done in the laboratory.

i. Moisture Content Test

ii. Specific Gravity Test

iii. Dry Density Test

iv. Atterberg Limits Test

v. Proctor’s Compaction Test

 Conclusion
Site and soil investigation is done to facilitate the initial work of the project before construction work
begins, it is to reduce the risk of loss to the company or the risk of harm to labor in performing their
duties, it is also very important to state the danger of a project is suitable or not carried out in a site
involved in order to avoid any problems in the construction project, the early stage work process is
very important rather not interfere with the work other than interrupted and will delay the
completion time period from the stipulated time.
Therefore, as a precautionary measure in ensuring that the project to be carried out runs as planned,
various stages will be carried out at the construction site before the site is confirmed for the erection
of the building to be built
Soil quality is also very important in construction projects, this is because it will be related to the
strength of a building to survive, if the building only survives in the short term, then it will cause loss
and risk to the public. With the technology that exists, now the soil can be tested for its durability
whether it is able to withstand heavy loads such as the building to be built. thus, risks and losses can
be avoided immediately.
 REFERENCES
Yusuf
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.
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KHAIRUL
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ALIP
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AKMAL
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TEH
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