Sets and Venn Diagram

PERFORMANCE TASK
•You will be using replit.com, an encoding website, to

make a webpage following the instructions of your TLE
teacher, and afterwards encode and answer the problem
set given by your Math Teacher.
•Follow the instructions that your Math and TLE teacher
will post on the Assignment Tab of each respective
team. This includes the Rubric for the output.
•Date of Submission: August 19, 2022, Friday
M AT H E M AT I C S 7 | R U D O L F J E R E M Y A L B O R N O Z
TOPIC OUTLINE
CHAPTER 1: SETS AND REAL NUMBERS
• Sets and Sets Operation • Rational Numbers
• Absolute Value of Integers • Fundamental Operations on
• Addition and Subtraction of Rational Numbers
Integers • Principal Roots and Irrational
• Multiplication and Division Numbers
of Integers • Scientific Notation and
• Properties of Addition and Significant Figures
Multiplication of Integers • Real Numbers in Real Life
T H E B O X
OPEN
https://wordwall.net/resource/3436
9122
SETS
Rudolf Jeremy H. Albornoz
Philippine Institute of Quezon City
Mathematics 7
4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After the discussion, you should be able to:

Illustrates well-defined sets, subsets,
universal sets, null set, cardinality of sets,
union and intersection of sets and the
different of two sets
What is a set?
• A set is a group of “objects”.
• The objects in a set are called elements of the set.
• A well – defined set is a set in which we know for sure if an
element belongs to that set.
• People in a class: { Alice, Bob, Chris }
• Classes offered by a department: { CS 101, CS 202, … }
• Colors of a rainbow: { red, orange, yellow, green, blue,
purple }
• States of matter { solid, liquid, gas, plasma }
• States in the US: { Alabama, Alaska, Virginia, … }
6
• Sets can contain non-related elements:
• Although a set can contain (almost) anything, we will most often
use sets of numbers
• All positive numbers less than or equal to 5:
• A few selected real numbers:
7
Set Properties 1
•Order does not matter
•We often write them in order because it is easier for
humans to understand it that way
•is equivalent to
•Sets are notated with curly brackets : { }
8
Set Properties 2
• Sets do not have duplicate elements.
- Consider the set of vowels in the alphabet.
• It makes no sense to list them as
• What we really want is just
- Consider the list of students in this class
• Again, it does not make sense to list somebody twice
• Note that a list is like a set, but order does matter and
duplicate elements are allowed.
• We won’t be studying lists much in this class
9
Specifying a Set 1
•Sets are usually represented by a capital letter.
•Elements are usually represented by an italic lower-
case letter.
•Easiest way to specify a set is to list all the elements: A
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
•Not always feasible for large or infinite sets
10
Specifying a Set 2
• Can use an ellipsis (…):
• Can cause confusion. Consider the set What comes next?
• If the set is all odd integers greater than 2, it is 9
• If the set is all prime numbers greater than 2, it is 11
• Can use Set-builder Notation
• The vertical bar means “such that”

• Thus, set D is read (in English) as: “all elements such that is prime and
is greater than 2”
11
Specifying a Set 3
•
12
Often used sets
•
13
Seatwork #1
A. Describe the following sets in rosters form
using the indicated letters. (Page 143, My
Distance Learning Buddy 7 Q1)
B. Write the following sets in Set-Builder Form or

Rule form:
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.) 14
A set is a Many
“
that allows itself

to be thought of
as a One.”
-Georg Cantor
The Universal set 1
•is the universal set – the set of all of elements (or the
“universe”) from which given any set is drawn.
- For the set would be the real numbers.

- For the set Scould be the natural numbers (zero and
up), the integers, the rational numbers, or the real
numbers, depending on the context
17
The Universal
set
• For 2the set of the students in this class,
would be
all the students in this school (or perhaps all the
people in the world)
• For the set of the vowels of the alphabet, would be

all the letters of the alphabet
• To differentiate from (which is a set operation),

the universal set is written in a different font (and
in bold and italics) 18
Venn diagrams
• Represents sets graphically
• The box represents the universal set
• Circles represent the set
• Consider set , which is c
b d f U
the set of all vowels in the g h j S
alphabet k l m
• The individual elements n p q a e i
are usually not written r s t

o u
in a Venn diagram v w x
y z
19
Sets of sets
•Sets can contain other sets
• V has only 3 elements!

•Note that
• They are all different
20
The Empty set 1
•If a set has no elements, it is called the empty
(or null) set
• Written using the symbol “”
• Thus, .  VERY IMPORTANT
• If you get confused about the empty set in a
problem, try replacing .
•As the empty set is a set, it can be an element
of other sets.
• is a valid set.
21
The Empty set 1
•Note that
•The first is a set of no elements
•The second is a set of 1 element (that one
element being the empty set)
•Replace and you get:

• It’s easier to see that they are not equal that way
22
Set Equality
•
23
Subsets
•
1
24
Subsets 2
•Note that any set is a subset of itself!
•Given set , since all the elements of are
elements of , is a subset of itself
•This is kind of like saying 5 is less than or
equal to 5
•Thus, for any set
25
Proper Subsets 1
•If is a subset of , and is not equal to , then is a proper
subset of
• Let
• If is not equal to and is a subset of
• A proper subset is written as
• Let . is equal to , and thus is a subset (but not a proper subset)
or
• Can be written as: and (or just )
• Let . is neither a subset of nor a proper subset of
26
Proper Subsets 2
•The difference between “subset” and “proper subset”
is like the difference between “less than or equal to”
and “less than” for numbers
•The empty set is a proper subset of all sets other than

the empty set (as it is equal to the empty set)
27
Proper subsets: Venn diagram
SR
U
R
28
Set Cardinality
•The cardinality of a set is the number of elements in
a set
• Written as |A|
•Examples
• Let . Then
• Let . Then
•This is the same notation used for vector length in
geometry
•A set with one elementM AisT Hsometimes
E M A T I C S 7 | R Ucalled
D O L F J E RaE M Y A L B O R N O Z
29
Power sets 1
• Given the set What are all the possible subsets of
S?
• They are: (as it is a subset of all sets),
• The power set of (written as ) is the set of all the
subsets of S
• Note that and
30
Power sets 2
•Let
•The
• Note that
• Note that
•If a set has elements, then the power set will have
2n elements
31
Seatwork #2
o Answer page 146 (1-5) of your My
Distance
Learning Buddy Q1.
o Show your solutions and final
answers.
o Attach your work on your Class
Notebook in
MS Teams under Homework and 32
ET OPERATION
Rudolf Jeremy H. Albornoz
Philippine Institute of Quezon City
Mathematics 7
33
Set Operations: Union 1
Union – is a set of outcomes of A and/or B. It is
denoted as ‘’ and read as ‘A union B’.
Intersection – is a set of outcomes of A and B.

It is denoted as ‘’ and read as ‘A intersection
B’.
34
𝑨∪ 𝑩
U
A B
35
•
Set Operations: Intersection 1
𝑨∩ 𝑩
U
A B
37
Set Operations: Intersection 2
•
38
Disjoint Sets 1
U
A B
39
Disjoint Sets 2
•Formal definition for disjoint sets: two sets are
disjoint if their intersection is the empty set
•Further examples
• {1, 2, 3} and {3, 4, 5} are not disjoint
• {New York, Washington} and {3, 4} are disjoint
• {1, 2} and  are disjoint
• Their intersection is the empty set
•  and  are disjoint!
• Their intersection is the empty set
40
Complement Sets 1

A B
41
Complement sets 2
•
Example: Let and then

Example: The complement of the universe is the empty set.
Example: The complement of an empty set is the universal set.
42
Example:
An event occur numbered 0-9. Suppose A = {1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7} and B = {2, 3, 5, 8}. Find , .
Example 2:
#1-6: Find the following sets.
1)
Find the following:
1. 8.
2. 9.

Sets and Venn Diagram

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PERFORMANCE TASK

•You will be using replit.com, an encoding website, to

After the discussion, you should be able to:

•Sets are notated with curly brackets : { }

• Can use Set-builder Notation

• The vertical bar means “such that”

B. Write the following sets in Set-Builder Form or

that allows itself

- For the set would be the real numbers.

• For the set of the vowels of the alphabet, would be

• To differentiate from (which is a set operation),

are usually not written r s t

• V has only 3 elements!

•Replace and you get:

•The empty set is a proper subset of all sets other than

• Note that and

Intersection – is a set of outcomes of A and B.

Example: The complement of an empty set is the universal set.

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