Internal Combustion Engines

Introduction
Lecture 1

Internal Combustion Engines 1

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Outline
• In this lecture we will learn about:
– Development of the internal combustion
engine
– Different engine classifications
– Basic engine components

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Introduction
• The Internal Combustion (I.C.) engine is a heat
engine that converts chemical energy (in the
fuel) into mechanical energy (available on a
rotating shaft).
• Internal Vs. External combustion.
• History:
– 1859 Discovery of oil.
– 1876 First four stroke spark ignition engine
produced by Nicholas Otto.
– 1888 Pneumatic rubber tire invented by John
Dunlop
– 1892 First compression ignition engine produced
by Rudolph Diesel.
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Engine Classifications
Internal combustion
engines can be
classified in a number
of ways:
• Basic Design:
– Reciprocating: Piston-
Cylinder arrangement
– Rotary: Rotor-Stator
arrangement

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Engine Classifications
• Type of ignition:
– Spark Ignition (S.I.)
– Compression Ignition (C.I.)
• Engine Cycle:
– Four-Stroke Cycle: four piston movements
over two engine revolutions / cycle
– Two-Stroke Cycle: two piston movements
over one revolution / cycle

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Engine Classifications

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Engine Classifications

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Engine Classifications
• Valve Location:
a) In the block (Flat
head / L head )
b) In the head
(overhead valve / I
head )
c) One in the head, one
in the block (F head)
d) In the block on
opposite sides (T
head)
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Engine Classifications
• Position and number
of cylinders:
– In-line (straight):
most common 4
cylinders
– V Engine: V6 and V8
most common

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Engine Classifications

– Opposed cylinder
(flat): small aircrafts

– Opposed piston:
generally for large
displacements
(power plants,
ships)

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Engine Classifications

– Radial Engine:
large aircraft and
ship engines
– W Engine: rare –
racing purposes
– Single cylinder:
research purposes

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Engine Classifications
• Method of fuel input
(S.I. engines):
– Carburetted
– Fuel Injection:
• Throttle body fuel
injection (in the manifold)
• Multipoint port fuel
injection (at the cylinder
intake)
• Direct injection (in the
cylinder)
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Engine Classifications
• Air intake system:
– Naturally aspirated
– Charged (Intake air
pressure increased):
• Supercharged: using
compressor driven by
crankshaft
• Turbocharged:
turbine-compressor
driven by exhaust
gases flow

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Engine Classifications
• Type of cooling:
– Air cooled
– Liquid cooled
• Fuel used:
– Gasoline (Petrol / Benzene)
– Diesel
– Other (Gas, LPG, Alcohol….etc)

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Engine Classifications
• Application:
– Automotive
– Locomotive
– Aircraft
– Marine
– Stationary
– Small portable

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Activity #1
• In teams of 2 students each:
– Pick a modern passenger car model and
examine its engine.
– Then classify this engine according to the
engine classifications discussed in this
lecture.
– Submit your report within one week from
today.

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Engine Components
• Block:
– Body of engine, made
of cast iron or
Aluminium. Covered
with water jacket or
cooling fins.
• Cylinder:
– The part of the engine
block in which pistons
reciprocate. Its walls
have highly polished
hard surfaces, to
ensure smooth
movement of the
pistons.
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Engine Components
• Combustion
Chamber:
– The space in the
cylinder between the
head and the piston
face. It’s size changes
continuously during
operation.

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Engine Components

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Engine Components
• Piston:
– Cylindrical mass
transferring the
pressure forces in the
combustion chamber
to the crankshaft. The
top surface is called:
the crown, which can
either be flat or of a
concave shape. The
sides of the piston are
known as the skirt.
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Engine Components
• Piston rings:
– Compression rings:
• Metal rings that seal
between the piston and
the cylinder walls to
prevent the high
pressure gases from
escaping into the
crankcase.
– Oil ring:
• Assisting in lubrication
and scraping excess
oil.

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Engine Components
• Crankshaft:
– Rotating shaft that
transfers the engine’s
work. The
reciprocating
movement of the
pistons is converted to
a rotational movement.

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Engine Components
• Connecting rod:
– Rod connecting the
piston with the rotating
crankshaft.
• Crankcase:
– Part of the block
surrounding the
crankshaft. The oil pan
can make part of it.

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Engine Components

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Engine Components
• Camshaft:
– Rotating shaft used for
opening valves at the
proper time of the
cycle. Driven off the
crankshaft by a belt or
chain (timing
belt/chain).
• Push rod:
– A rod linking the valves
in the cylinder head
with the camshaft.

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Engine Components

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Engine Components
• Cylinder head:
– Made of cast iron or
Aluminium. Containing the
spark plug, the fuel
injectors and most cases
the valves.
• Valves:
– Allow flow in and out of the
cylinder. Poppet valves -
which are spring loaded-
are most common. Should
close perfectly on the
surface called valve seat.

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Engine Components

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Engine Components
• Intake manifold:
– Piping system carrying
fresh air to the engine
cylinders. Fuel is
added either through
injectors or with the
aid of a carburettor.
• Exhaust manifold:
– Piping system carrying
away exhaust gases.

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Engine Components

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Engine Components
• Spark plug:
– For initiation of combustion in S.I. Engines.
• Carburettor:
– Fuel metering device in old S.I. Engines.
• Flywheel:
– Rotating mass mounted on the crankshaft to
store energy and smoothen the engine
operation

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Engine Components
• Radiator:
– Liquid/Air heat exchanger to remove heat
from the engine coolant.
• Fan:
– To increase air flow through the radiator.
• Fuel pump
• Oil pump
• Water pump
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Engine Components

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Engine Components

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