DWDM Principles

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Author Zhou Jian

Verify Yu Wei
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3
Training Objectives

 knowing the DWDM.

 knowing component of the DWDM system.
 knowing the function of the DWDM component.
 knowing the characters of the different fibers.
 knowing the principle of the EDFA.
 knowing the restricted factors of DWDM system.

4
Agenda

1 Introducing to DWDM

2 WDM transmission medium

3 Fundamentals of DWDM technologies

4 DWDM system restricted factors

5 Future Optical Transmission Network

5
 What is DWDM?

Gas station
2.5G

10G
Highway

GE
cruise car

car/signal highway/fiber gas station/Amplifier

cruise car / optical supervisory channel

6
Introduction to DWDM

 Wavelength Division Multiplexing —A WDM system uses a multiplexer at

the transmitter to join the signals together, and a demultiplexer at the
receiver to split them apart.

1 1 2 n

2 ┉
┋

 Coarse WDM ： Wavelength interval is very wide ， 20nm

 Dense WDM ： Wavelength interval is very narrow ， 0.8nm

7
Two-fiber unidirectional WDM

TX RX

WDM WDM
TX RX

RX TX
WDM WDM
RX
TX

 Two fibers and for each fiber only have one direction singals

8
Global Network Hierarchy

9
TDM and DWDM Comparison

 Time division multiplexing

 Single wavelength per fiber Channel 1 Single
Fiber (One
 Multiple channels per fiber Wavelength)
 4 STM-1 channels in STM-4 Channel n
 4 STM-4 channels in STM-16
 4 STM-16 channels in STM-64

 Wave division multiplexing l1

 Multiple wavelengths per fiber l2 Single Fiber

 4,16,32,64,160 channels per system (Multiple
Wavelengths)
 Multiple channels per fiber
ln

10
TDM and DWDM Comparison

 TDM (SONET/SDH) T1/E1

 Takes sync and async signals and E3 Fiber
STM-1 SONET
multiplexes them to a single higher STM-4 ADM
optical bit rate STM-16
 E/O or O/E/O conversion STM-64

 DWDM
 Takes multiple optical STM-16
signals and multiplexes STM-64
DWDM Fiber
STM-256 OADM
onto a single fiber
 No signal format conversion

11
Why DWDM?

Transparency(signal) Scalability(upgrading)

Benefits

Long distance transmission Network management

12
Upgrading with DWDM

10Gb/s 10Gb/s
10Gb/s 10Gb/s

DWDM

DWDM
·· ··
· ·
10Gb/s 10Gb/s

10Gb/s 10Gb/s
40Gb/s 40Gb/s
10Gb/s 10Gb/s
DWDM

DWDM
40Gb/s 40Gb/s
10Gb/s 10Gb/s
40Gb/s 40Gb/s
10Gb/s 10Gb/s
40Gb/s 40Gb/s

 DWDM can easily be upgraded by adding high bit rate signals

13
Chapter Summary

What is DWDM?
What is Two-fiber unidirectional WDM
system?
Why do we select the DWDM?

14
Agenda

1 Introducing to DWDM

2 WDM transmission medium

3 Fundamentals of DWDM technologies

4 DWDM system restricted factors

5 Future Optical Transmission Network

15
G.652/G.653/G.655 Single mode fiber
Type Define
Standard single mode fiber SDH and DWDM Attenuation: 1310 nm band is in commonly 0.3 -0.4 dB/km, typical
(SMF), refers to the
dispersion of zero near
G.652 1310 nm fiber.
Dispersion-shifted fiber
(DSF), refers to the fiber
dispersion near zero at
G.653 1550 nm, it relative to the
standard single mode fiber
(G. 652), a zero dispersion
shifted.
Non-zero dispersion-
shifted fiber (NZDSF)
G.655
Application Main indicators
value is 0.35 dB/km; 1550 nm band is in commonly 0.17 -0.25 dB/km,
typical value is 0.20 dB/km;
Dispersion: the scope of the zero dispersion wavelength is 1300 nm to
1324 nm. At wavelength of 1550 nm, the dispersion coefficient of the
typical value is 17 ps/nm - km, the maximum average no more than 20
ps/nm∙km;
SDH Attenuation: 1310nm band <0.55dB/km.1550nm band
<0.35dB/km ， in commonly is 0.19-0.25dB/km ；
Dispersion: the zero dispersion wavelength near 1550nm.
SDH and DWDM Attenuation: 1310 nm band: ITU - T without defines.
DWDM is better 1550nm band ： <0.35dB/km ， in commonly is 0.19-0.25dB/km ；
Dispersion ： 1530nm <λ< 1565nn ， 0.1ps/nm-km < |D(λ)| <6.0
ps/nm-km ；
At wavelength of 1550 nm, the dispersion coefficient of the typical
value is 4.5 ps/nm - km, the maximum average no more than 6
ps/nm∙km;
16
 Fiber Structure

Core Cladding

涂层 protective coating

包层 n 2 Fiber Cladding

d2 d1 纤芯 n 1 Fiber core

包层 n 2 Fiber Cladding

涂层 protective coating

Coating
n1>n2

17
Optical Fiber

n2 Cladding

q
n1 Core

n2

n1> n2

 Light is either reflected or refracted depending upon the angle of

incidence
 Total internal reflection happens when the following conditions are
met:
 Beams pass from a more dense to a less dense material
 The incident angle is grater than the critical angle

18
The principle of light transmission in the fiber

2
N2

N1

1

N1>N2
N1Sin 1= N2Sin 2

 The law of refraction and Sinc=N2/N1

Total reflection principle
1 > = c

19
Attenuation

 The attenuation of the fiber limits the optical signal

transmission distance . The attenuation of the fiber
mainly contains the absorption loss and scattering
loss, bending loss.

 Optical absorption loss are caused by the

manufacturing of optical fiber materials, including
ultraviolet absorption, infrared absorption and impurity
absorption;

20
Optical Fiber Attenuation

 Attenuation in fiber is compensated primarily through the use of

optical amplifier

21
Dispersion

 When dispersion is too large, pulses interfere with each other

 Chromatic Dispersion
 Polarization Mode Dispersion
22
The influence of the chromatic dispersion
 Dispersion leads to intersymbol interference.

T
T+ΔT

λ3 λ1 λ3 λ1 λ3 λ3λ1 λ1

 Chromatic dispersion occurs because different wavelengths transmit at different

speeds. The effect of chromatic dispersion increases as the square of the bit
rate.
 Pulse broadening will make front and back of the light pulse overlap, the overlap
part which called intersymbol interference.
 Intersymbol interference will cause the error, and limit the transmission code rate
and transmission distance.
23
Chromatic Dispersion (CD)

Interference

 CD is caused by:
 Different wavelengths travel at different speeds
 Causes signals interference
 Solution for CD:
 Zero dispersion shifted fiber
 Dispersion compensation module （ DCM ）

24
Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)

 PMD will be happened in the fiber , because the two orthogonal polarization
signal light in the optical fiber has different speed , PMD is also one of the
important parameters of the fiber.
 Causes of polarization mode dispersion is randomly generated, therefore
the polarization mode dispersion is a random quantity.

25
Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)

Ey

nx

Ex ny
Input pulse Output pulse

 PMD is caused by ovality of core due to:

 Manufacturing process
 Internal stress (cabling)
 External stress (trucks)
 Solution for PMD:
 Improved fibers
 Regeneration

26
Nonlinear effect
 In essence, all media is nonlinear . In general nonlinear characteristics is small,
difficult to show. When the Input optical power is not big, optical fiber has linear
characteristics ; When the input power is bigger and bigger, the nonlinearity of
the fiber characteristics become more and more significant;
 Single-mode fiber nonlinear effect include ：

 Stimulated inelastic scattering （ Stimulated Raman scattering ,

Stimulated brillouin scattering ）
 Kerr effect （ self-phase modulation , Cross phase modulation , Four-
wave mixing ）

 Notice ： Once produced, nonlinear effect will not be able to eliminate or

compensate ， so we must try to prevent the formation of nonlinear effects.
 The main methods that we can reduce the input optical power to prevent
the occurrence of nonlinear effects.

27
Chapter Summary

Do you know the fiber structure?

What is Chromatic Dispersion ?
Do you know the influence of the CD?
When the nonlinear happen , how to
reduce the effect in the DWDM system?
Do you know the characters of the
different fibers?

28
Agenda

1 Introducing to DWDM

2 WDM transmission medium

3 Fundamentals of DWDM technologies

4 DWDM system restricted factors

5 Future Optical Transmission Network

29
DWDM Transmission
Fundamentals System
of DWDM technologies

OTU OTU

OTU OTU
O O
M D
U U
OAD
O O
D M
U U
O O
T T
OTU U U OTU

OSC OSC OSC OSC

 Optical Transponder Unit  Optical Supervisory Channel

 Optical Mux/Demux Unit  Optical Fiber Link
 Optical Amplifier

30
DWDM System Function

Generating Combining Transmitting Separating Receiving

Optical Source Optical Optical Fiber Optical

Multiplexer OA De-multiplexer detector
DCM
OADM
OXC

31
DWDM Components
850/1550 15xx
OTU

l1
l1...n
l2 OA
OMU
l3

l1

l2 l1...n
ODU VOA （ Variable Optical Attenuator ）
l3

OADM
DCM （ Dispersion Compensation Module ）

l1 l2 l3
32
 Optical supervisory channel
Topics

Optical Transponder Unit

Multiplexer and De-multiplexer
Optical Amplifier
Optical supervisory channel

33
Optical Transponder Unit

l1
OEO
l2
From terminal ITU wavelength
equipment OEO

ln
OEO

Low Cost IR/2R Wavelengths

Optics Converted

 Used when termination equipment does not have tight tolerance ITU optics
 Performs 2R or 3R regeneration function
 Receive Transponders perform reverse function

34
Multiplexer/De-multiplexer

DWDM Demux
Mux DWDM

Wavelength Wavelength
Multiplexed Multiplexed
Signals Signals

Wavelengths
Converted via Wavelengths
Transponders separated into
individual ITU Specific
lambdas

 Loss of power for each Lambda

35
Optical Amplifier
 Regenerator:
 Optical-electrical-optical conversion
Fiber Fiber
 Retiming, Reshaping, Regeneration (3R) of O-E 3R E-O
the electronic signal
Optical Receiver Optical Transmitter
 Not available for DWDM

 Optical Amplifier: Amplify optical

signal directly
 EDFA
 Raman amplifier
 Key performance of OA
OBA OPA
 Gain
DeMux

 Gain flatness
Mux

 Noise level
OLA
 Output power
Site B
 Application:
Site A
 Optical boost amplifier
 Optical line amplifier
 Optical pre amplifier
36
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)

Isolator Coupler Coupler Isolator

Erbium-Doped
Fiber (10–50m)

Pump Pump
Laser Laser

 Key technical issue of EDFA:

 Amplifier bandwidth (1528nm 1565nm )
 Gain flattened
 Gain locked

37
The Gain of EDFA

G=Pout – P1

P1 P2
Optical signal
EDFA
G = P2 – P1

38
Optical Supervisory Channel

 Optical Supervisory Channel does not limit the optical

amplifier pump wavelength;
 Optical Supervisory Channel does not limit the distance
between two amplifier;
 When the amplifier failure,Optical Supervisory Channel is still
available;
 Optical Supervisory Channel is outband signal of the DWDM.

39
Chapter Summary

Do you know the principle of the EDFA?

What are the components of wavelength
division multiplexing system?
What are the functions of OSC?
What are the functions of OTUs?

40
Agenda

1 Introducing to DWDM

2 WDM transmission medium

3 Fundamentals of DWDM technologies

4 DWDM system restricted factors

5 Future Optical Transmission Network

41
DWDM system restricted factors
ASE noise accumulation Chromatic Dispersion
The OSNR degradation

system ce
fo rm an
pe r
Nonlinear Effects
polarization mode
dispersion

 Four mainly restricted factors which include: attenuation, dispersion (chromatic

dispersion and polarization mode dispersion), signal-to-noise ratio and nonlinear.
 Under the same physical conditions, 40G system compare with others, which is more
strict with optical transmission .
42
 DWDMLine
DWDM system restricted factors
Design

OSNR

 Optical Signal to
Dispersion
Noise Ratio
Attenuation  Use high dispersion  OSNR deteriorates
tolerance optical as OA cascading
 Use large power source  Use using different
output laser  Use dispersion types of OA
 Use optical compensation  FEC
amplifiers module  Electrical
regeneration

43
Agenda

1 Introducing to DWDM

2 WDM transmission medium

3 Fundamentals of DWDM technologies

4 DWDM system restricted factors

5 Future Optical Transmission Network

44
Future Optical Transmission Network(OTN)

Mode 1:

Mode 2:

45
Future Optical Transmission Network(OTN)

 DWDM is like a highway (large capacity, high rate, long distance

transmission).
 OTN is like a highway overpasses.
 OTN has a strong ability of management and scheduling.

46
Future Optical Transmission Network(OTN)

OCH 光交叉

RO

9
AD

70
线路单元 交叉颗粒 OTUk 适配
Line unit Line
M

OTU OTUk 映射

G.
Cross 交叉单元
unit 客户侧信号

XCU
大颗粒交叉

支路单元
OTH
Client unit
客户侧信号 Tributary
大交叉颗粒映射

STM-N/ GE/ 10GE/ POS/ ATM/ SAN

47
Chapter Summary

What are the differences between OTN

and DWDM?

48