YOUTH GUARANTEE – MCAST Preventive Classes 2019

How to cite academic sources and reference them in the reference list
 YOUTH GUARANTEE – MCAST Preventive Classes 2019

Which Reference Style guide do we use at MCAST?

The Harvard Style Guide

Therefore, all in –text citations and the reference list must follow this
style.
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In-text citations
Direct quotes
Quoting an author’s ideas word for word.
Example:
According to Vella(2014,p12),’ Climate change is a natural
phenomenon’ .
Keep direct quotes to a minimum.
Use for statistical information and /or definitions.
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Indirect quotes
• Are paraphrased quotes from sources.
• Example:
• Vella(2014) believes that climate change is naturally a result caused
by the environment.
• The majority of your citations need to be indirect quotes.
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Citing Authors
Single author
. . . as seen in the characterisation of Raskolnikov (Dostoyevsky 1993).

Up to three authors
Separate author names with a comma, precede last author name with
‘and’ :
. . identified in the canon of Sartre’s work (Austin, Rees and Vinaver
1961).
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Four or more authors

Use first author’s surname and the abbreviation ‘et al.’:

. . . the subtle distinctions between nineteenth century French and
English high culture (Harkness et al. 2003).
*‘et al’ means ‘and others’
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No author

Use the title in place of the author name:

. . . accepted definition given (Collins German-English Dictionary 1993).

If there is no author but the work has been produced by an

organisation or company, use the name of the organisation as the
author:
. . . health issues have increased (Department of Health 2009).
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Author cited in another work (secondary citation)

• You should always try to find the original publication.

. . . A study by Schneider indicates that working is important to the self-
esteem, of residents recently released from long term institutions (cited
in Forrester Jones et al. 2002, p. 755).
. . . Forrester Jones et al. refer to Schneider’s study on self esteem
(2002).
(where Schneider is the original author, and Forrester Jones is the work
the original author is mentioned in).
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Online sources

If all details are available, cite online sources in the normal way.

No author:
Use the organisation in place of author name:
… at the vote on Monday (BBC News 2014).
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No date

Use ‘n.d.’ (not dated) in place of the date:

. . . as recently reported (Smith n.d.)
Ellipsis YOUTH GUARANTEE – MCAST Preventive Classes 2019

• If you omit any words in your quotation from the original text, show
this omission by inserting an ellipsis (i.e. three dots …).
For example:
Smith (1979, p. 9) argues that critical path theory is important to
project management in terms of both ‘planning for success… [and]
preventing budget over-runs’.
The Reference List
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Some points to remember…

Must be listed alphabetically by the author’s surname.
Sources with multiple authors need to have all authors listed.
Each source is referenced differently
No numbers or bullet points
Include a space between each source
All online sources need to have the date you accessed the material &
the URL link
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The Reference List -Books

Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title. Edition (if not first edition). Place of
publication: Publisher.
Adams, A.D. 1906. Electric transmission of water power. New York:
McGraw.
Kane, M. and Trochim, W. 2007. Concept mapping for planning and
evaluation. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
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The Reference List -Journal articles (online)

Journal article (online) Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of article.

Journal Title. [Online]. Volume(issue number), page numbers. [Date
accessed], Available from: URL.
El Gharras, H. 2009. Polyphenols: food sources, properties and
applications - a review. International Journal of Food Science &
Technology. [Online]. 44(12), pp.2512-2518. [Accessed 10 June 2013].
Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com
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The Reference List -Journal articles (print)

Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of article. Journal Title.

Volume(issue number), page numbers.
Pajunen, K. 2008. Institutions and inflows of foreign direct investment:
a fuzzy-set analysis. Journal of International Business Studies. 39(4),
pp.652-669.
N.B. Use p. to reference a single page, and pp. if it is a range of pages.
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The Reference List-Websites/webpages

Family name, INITIAL(S) (or company name). Year. Title. [Online]. [Date
accessed]. Available from: URL
Hawking, S. 2000. Professor Stephen Hawking's website. [Online]. [Accessed 9
February 2009]. Available from:
http://www.hawking.org.uk/home/hindex.html
Environment Agency. 2013. River and coastal maintenance programmes 2013-
14. [Online]. [Accessed 12 July 2013]. Available from:
http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk
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The Reference List-A Chapter in an edited book.

Details of both the chapter and the book are needed.

Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Chapter title. In: Family name, INITIAL(S)
(of editor). ed(s). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, page
numbers.
Coffin, J.M. 1999. Molecular biology of HIV. In: Crandell, K.A. ed. The
evolution of HIV. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, pp.3-40.
https://www.kent.ac.uk/ai/Harvard-Style-Guide-Dec-2014.pdf
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The Reference List-Electronic books

Gillespie, K., Jeannet, J. P. and Hennessey, H. D. (2007). Global

Marketing: An Interactive Approach. [Online]. 2nd edn. USA: Houghton
Mifflin. Available from: www.ichapters.com [Accessed 21st November
2008].
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The Reference List-Newspaper or magazine articles

Single author:
Toynbee, P. (2006). Comment & Debate. Guardian, 5 September, p. 27.

Multiple authors :
Spacey, K., Whishaw, B. and Whittaker, S. (2004). So should we worry?
Guardian, 23 April, pp. 8-9.
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The Reference List-Online newspaper articles

Kington, M. (2006). Sailing the 450 Seas to the Two Corners of the
Earth. Independent [Online], (Editorial & Opinion) 17 November, p. 38.
Available from: http://www.independent.co.uk/ [Accessed 20
November 2006].
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The Reference List-Conference papers

Peacock, S. and Sharp, J. (2006). A Holistic approach to deploying
TurnitinUK that encourages sustainable change in institutional
plagiarism practice. In: Duggan, F. ed. 2nd International Plagiarism
Conference 2006 Proceedings, 19-21 June, 2006. Newcastle:
Northumbria Learning Press, pp. 237 - 238.
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The Reference List-White and green papers

HM Government (2009). Shaping the Future of Care Together. Cm 7673.
London: TSO (The Stationery Office).
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The Reference List-Online government reports

Department for Education and Skills (2003). Every Child Matters.

[Online]. Cm 5860. London: The Stationery Office. Available from:
http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/ [Accessed 12 December
2009].
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Published Theses
Treat published theses as authored books