Protection of the Eye

 The eye ball is in a cavity

(socket) of the skull that
protects it from knocks.

 Eyebrows prevent sweat from entering the eye.

 The eyelids prevent the entry of substances such

as windblown grit.
 Tears lubricate the surface of the eye, when we

blink.
 Eyelashes help prevent the entry of dust and grit.
 The Human Eye
The Pupil Reflex

Pupil is smaller in bright light and larger in dim

light.

A reflex action which controls the amount of light

entering eyes.
In Bright Light
 In bright light, circular muscles in iris contracts.

 This enlarges the iris

 Hence reducing pupil’s size.

In Dim Light

 Radial muscles contract.

 Iris gets smaller which make pupil larger in size.

 Pigment Accustoms The Eye To Dim Light

 When in bright light the pigment is bleached

out.

 These pigments take time to regenerate in order

for you to see in the dark.

 It may take up to 30 minutes for all the rods

pigments to regenerate when you enter dim
light.
 This accounts for the difficulty in seeing at first

on entering a dark room.

 Accommodation

 The way the lens brings about fine focusing.

 The les is elastic and its focal

length can be change.

 Focal length of the lens is longer

for viewing distant objects.
The Nervous System
 Control and coordinate the body parts and

processes.
 It receives sensory stimuli from internal and

external environments.
 It responds in a coordinated manner.
Two Division Of The Nervous System

The central nervous system (CNS)

 Made up of the brain and spinal cord.
 The control center of the body.
 Receives and transmits messages

to all body parts.

The peripheral Nervous System

 Made up of cranial and spinal

nerves.
 Take messages to and from

CNS.
 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

 regulates the functions of our internal organs such

as the heart, stomach and intestines.

 The ANS is part of the peripheral nervous system.

 also controls some of the muscles within the body.

 We are often unaware of the ANS because it
functions involuntary and reflexively.

  For example, we do not notice when blood vessels

change size or when our heart beats faster.
 Main Parts of The Brain
Cerebrum
 The bulk of the brain
 Responsible for voluntary actions.
 Control speech, thinking, emotions and
personality.
 Coordinates messages to and from the brain.
Cerebellum
 Controls muscular coordination, balance,

posture and muscle tone.

Medulla Oblongata
Control involuntary activities of internal organs
such as heart beat, breathing, peristalsis,
temperature regulation.
Involuntary Action
 An action that is not under the person’s control.

 It happens automatically, without

the person thinking about it.

 The simplest type of involuntary

action is a reflex action.

 This is an automatic response, over which you

have no conscious control.
Spinal Reflex Action

 This gives us a quick response to

stimulus.

 Impulses pass from sense organ to

the spinal cord and straight back to
the effectors muscles.

 This quickly moves the body parts away.

 This serves to protect the part of the body near the

dangerous external stimulus.
 When You touches Something Hot
 When hand touches hot plate temperature and

pain receptors in skin are stimulated.

 Sensory neurons then conduct impulse along the

arm, to spinal cord.
 The sensory neurons enter the dorsal dorsal root
of spinal cord.

 Impulses passes across spinal cord to relay

neurons.

 After making a quick decision, relay then send

impulse to motor neurons.
 Motor neurons leave spinal cord at the ventral
root.

 Motor neurons take impulse to the effectors

muscle of arm, telling them to contract .

 Arm is then removed from hot plate.

Knee- Jerk Reflex
 There is no relay neurone.

 The stimulus passes directly from sensory to

motor neurone.
 A doctor perform this to check that your nervous

system actions are working properly.

Conditioned Reflex

 Some reactions have to be learned

first.
 After that they can be done without

conscious thought.

 The child learning to walk and riding a

bicycle are examples.

 At first they are voluntary movements.

 Later they are performed without conscious

thought.
 They are called condition reflexes because they
have to be acquired through learning.

 Once learned they are controlled by part of the

brain which is not concerned with conscious
thoughts.