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There are six kinds of forces that act on objects when they
come into contact with one another:
1. NORMAL FORCE
2. APPLIED FORCE
3. FRICTIONAL FORCE
4. TENSION FORCE
5. SPRING FORCE AND
6. RESISTING FORCE 1. NORMAL FORCE
3. FRICTIONAL FORCE
Frictional Force refers to the force generated by two
surfaces that contacts and slide against each other. These
forces are mainly affected by the surface texture and
quantity of force requiring them together.
4. TENSION FORCE
5. SPRING FORCE
1. BALANCED FORCE
Image 1
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What is Unbalanced
Force?
SELF - CHECK
If there are some instances that is not clear to you, you are free
to look at it once again be familiar with it.
Now, if your are really sure and confident enough about your
understanding to the concept you have read, we will be
having your assessment.
Are You Ready?
Let’s try
this!
Directions A. Read the statements carefully and choose the
correct answer. Encircle TRUE if the statement is correct,
otherwise encircle FALSE if the statement is incorrect.
1. An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay
in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by
an unbalanced force.
TRUE FALSE
2. A book sitting still on a table has unbalanced forces acting on it.
TRUE FALSE
3. When all the forces acting upon an object balance each other, the object
will be at equilibrium; it will not accelerate
TRUE FALSE
4. A person standing still on the floor has balanced forces acting upon him
or her.
TRUE FALSE
5. A person starting to fall through the floor has balanced forces acting on him
or her
TRUE FALSE
Let’s try
this!
Directions: Read each statement carefully and identify the correct
answer. Encircle the letter that corresponds to your answer.
1. Two equal forces act at the same time on the same stationary object but in opposite
directions. Which statement describes the object's motion?
A. The object moves at a constant speed.
B. The object remains stationary.
C. The object changes direction.
D. The object accelerates.
2.A car moves along a road that has markers every kilometer. Over time, the car passes the
markers in shorter periods of time. Which statement best describes the motion of the car?
A. The car is maintaining the same speed.
B. The car is changing its direction.
C. The car is keeping the same direction.
D. The car is increasing its speed.
3.Two football linemen push against each other in practice. They do not move, but then
lineman B moves forward and lineman A moves backward. Why does this happen?
A. Because the lineman push in different directions, the net force is zero.
B.When the lineman push on each other, they cause action-reaction forces that are unequal.
C.Lineman A pushes with greater force, causing a net force that acts in his
direction.
D.The forces are balanced, but then line B exerts a greater force, causing
unbalanced forces.
Lesson 2.
Newton’s
Three Laws of
Motion
What is Newton’s Law of Motion?
Procedure:
1. Stand on a bathroom scale and measure your weight.
2.Hold a large book, stand on the scale, and measure the
combined weight of you and the book.
3.Repeat step #2 using a chair, heavy jacket, and fourth object of your
choice.
Analysis
4.Subtract your weight from each of the combined weights to
calculate the weight of each object in pounds.
5.Multiply the weight of each object in pounds by 4.4 to calculate its
weight in newtons.
6. Calculate your own weight in newtons.
FIRSt LAw OF MOtION
When you give a book on a table a push, it slides and comes to a stop.
After you throw or hit a baseball and it hits the ground, it soon rolls to a
stop. In fact, it seems that anytime you set something in motion, it stops
moving after a while.
Objects tend to "keep on doing what they're doing." In fact, it is the natural
tendency of objects to resist changes in their state of motion. This tendency to
resist changes in their state of motion is described as inertia.
What is INERtIA?
It IS thE RESIStANcE AN OBjEct hAS tO A chANGE IN ItS StAtE OF
MOtION.
All objects resist changes in their state of motion. All objects have this tendency
- they have inertia.
ABSOLutELy yES!
The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion varies with
mass. Mass is that quantity that is solely dependent upon the inertia of an
object. The more inertia that an object has, the more mass that it has. A more
massive object has a greater tendency to resist changes in its state of motion.
1.Imagine a place in the cosmos
far from all gravitational
and frictional influences. Suppose
that
you visit that place (just suppose) and throw a
rock. The rock will
a. gradually stop.
b. continue in motion in the same direction at
constant speed.
2. Mac and Tosh are arguing in the cafeteria. Mac says that if he flings
the Jell-O with a greater speed it will have a greater inertia. Tosh
argues that inertia does not depend upon speed, but rather upon mass.
3.
WhoSupposing you were
do you agree with?inExplain
space inwhy.
a weightless
environment, would it require a force to set an
4. Fred spends most
object in motion?
Sunday afternoons at rest on
the sofa, watching pro football
games and consuming large quantities of
food. What affect (if any) does this practice
have upon his inertia? Explain.
“When something move faster, is there a word we could use to describe how
quick that motion is?
ABSOLutELy yES!
That word is…………
=
LEt’S DO thIS!
You’ve gone so far, this time as you read and understand the 2nd Law
of Motion, practicing your math skills will be an additional
knowledge. Are you ready?
I hope you were able to calculate it, now let’s try another one. Ready?
1.While driving down the road, a firefly strikes the windshield of a bus and makes a quite
obvious mess in front of the face of the driver. This is a clear case of Newton's third law of
motion. The firefly hit the bus and the bus hits the firefly. Which of the two forces is greater:
the force on the firefly or the force on the bus?
2.For years, space travel was believed to be impossible because there was nothing that rockets
could push off of in space in order to provide the propulsion necessary to accelerate. This
inability of a rocket to provide propulsion is because ...
a. ... space is void of air so the rockets have nothing to push off of.
b. ... gravity is absent in space.
c. ... space is void of air and so there is no air resistance in space.
d.... nonsense! Rockets do accelerate in space and have been able to do so for a long time.
3.Many people are familiar with the fact that a rifle recoils when fired. This recoil is the result of
action-reaction force pairs. A gunpowder explosion creates hot gases that expand outward
allowing the rifle to push forward on the bullet. Consistent with Newton's third law of motion,
the bullet pushes backwards upon the rifle. The acceleration of the recoiling rifle is ...
a. greater than the acceleration of the bullet.
b. smaller than the acceleration of the bullet.
c. the same size as the acceleration of the bullet.
4.
In the top picture (below),
Kent Budgett is pulling upon a
rope that is attached to a wall. In the
bottom picture, Kent is pulling upon a
rope that is attached to an elephant. In
each case, the force scale reads 500 Newton.
Kent is pulling ...
What is
WORK?
• •
?
On occasion, a force acts upon a moving object to hinder a displacement. Examples
might include a car skidding to a stop on a roadway surface or a baseball runner sliding
to a stop on the infield dirt.
In such instances, the force acts in the direction opposite the objects motion in order to
slow it down. The force doesn't cause the displacement but rather hinders it. These
situations involve what is commonly called negative work.
The negative of negative work refers to the numerical value that results when values of
F, d and theta are substituted into the work equation.
Since the force vector is directly opposite the displacement vector, theta is
180 degrees. The cosine(180 degrees) is -1 and so a negative value
results for the amount of work done upon the object.
Whenever a new quantity is introduced in
physics, the standard metric units
associated with that quantity are
discussed.
In the case of work (and also energy), the standard metric
unit is the Joule (abbreviated J). One Joule is equivalent to one
Newton of force causing a displacement of one meter. In other
words,
1. Apply the work equation to determine the amount of work done by the
applied force in each of the three situations described below.
2.A student lifts a box of books that weighs 135 N. The box is lifted
0.600 m. How much work does the student do on the box?
=
The standard metric unit of power is the Watt. As is implied
by the equation for power, a unit of power is equivalent to a
unit of work divided by a unit of time. Thus, a Watt is
equivalent to a Joule/second. For historical reasons, the
horsepower is occasionally used to describe the power
delivered by a machine. One horsepower is equivalent to
approximately 750 Watts.
1.Two physics students, Will N. Andable and Ben Pumpiniron, are in the
weightlifting room. Will lifts the 100-pound barbell over his head 10 times in one
minute; Ben lifts the 100-pound barbell over his head 10 times in 10 seconds.
Which student does the most work? ______________ Which student delivers the
most power? ______________ Explain your answers.
2.During a physics lab, Jack and Jill ran up a hill. Jack is twice as massive as
Jill; yet Jill ascends the same distance in half the time. Who did the most work?
______________ Who delivered the most power? ______________ Explain your
answers.
3.A tired squirrel (mass of approximately 1 kg) does push-ups by applying a
force to elevate its center-of-mass by 5 cm in order to do a mere 0.50 Joule of
work. If the tired squirrel does all this work in 2 seconds, then determine its
power.
4.When doing a chin-up, a physics student lifts her 42.0-kg body a distance of
0.25 meters in 2 seconds. What is the power delivered by the student's biceps?
In everyday life, the word
ENERGY is used in a variety of
ways.
Your little brother who runs and
plays
long after adults are tired is said to be full of energy
bars. The sun provides solar energy for the planet.
Companies that supply your home with electricity,
natural
Gas, or heating fuel and your car with gasoline are called energy
companies.
When these resources become scarce and more expensive, the
media report stories of an energy crisis.
ENERGY is
the capacity to
do WORK
The energy of a moving object is called energy of motion or
KINETIC energy (KE). The word kinetic comes from the Greek
word kinetikos which means moving.
“ ”
In a deeper sense, this refers to the energy gained or
lost by the object which is called
1.A box has a mass of 5.8kg. The box is lifted from the garage floor and placed on a
shelf. If the box gains 145J of Potential Energy (Ep), how high is the shelf?
2.A man climbs on to a wall that is 3.6m high and gains 2268J of Potential energy.
What is the mass of the man?
3.A 800g ball is pulled up a slope as shown in the diagram. Calculate the potential
energy it gains.
A sound wave is a pressure
disturbance that travels through a
medium by means of particle-to-particle interaction.
As one particle becomes disturbed,
it exerts a force on the next adjacent particle, thus disturbing
that particle from rest and transporting the energy through the
medium. Like any wave, the speed of a
sound wave refers to how fast the disturbance is passed from
particle to particle. While frequency refers to the number of
vibrations that an individual particle makes per unit of time, speed
refers to the distance that the disturbance travels per unit of time.
Always be cautious to distinguish between the two often-confused
quantities of speed (how fast...) and frequency (how often...).
Speed of wave - distance (d) that apoint on a wave
travels per unit time (t), in equation
esnpeegdy.of
tfeamctpoersrasturceh. aTshe
ThE
ELEctROMAGNEtIc
AND VISIBLE
SPEctRA
Electromagnetic waves are waves that are
capable of traveling through a vacuum. Unlike
mechanical waves that require a medium in order to
transport their energy, electromagnetic waves are capable
of transporting energy through the vacuum of outer space.
Electromagnetic waves are produced by a vibrating electric
charge and as such, they consist of both an electric and a
magnetic component.
Electromagnetic waves exist with an enormous range of
frequencies. This continuous range of
frequencies is known as the
The longer wavelength,
electromagnetic spectrum.
lower frequency regions are
located on the far left of the
spectrum and shorter
the wavelength,
higher are on the far right.
regions frequency
Two very narrow regions within the spectrum are
the
visible light region and
the X-ray region. You are
undoubtedly familiar with
some of the other regions of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
VISIBLE
LIGht
SPEctRuM
A small spectrum from the enormous range of frequencies of
electromagnetic radiation. This visible light region consists of a
spectrum of wavelengths that range from approximately 700
nanometers (abbreviated nm) to approximately 400 nm. Expressed
in more familiar units, the range of wavelengths extends from 7 x
10-7 meter to 4 x 10-7 meter. This narrow band of visible light is
affectionately known as .
Your job is to create a diagram that shows what the electromagnetic spectrum is
and what portion of it is visible to the human eye. Use color to represent the
different colors that are actually part of the visible light spectrum. Your diagrams
must be pretty and creative, but they should also be accurate.
.
Making and analyzing a graphic organizer can be a great way to help
visual learners learn more about visible light.
Heat describes the transfer of thermal energy between molecules within a system and is
measured in Joules. Heat measures how energy moves or flows. An object can gain heat or lose
heat, but it cannot have heat. Heat is a measure of change, never a property possessed by an
object or system. Therefore, it is classified as a process variable.
Temperature describes the average kinetic energy of molecules within a material or system and
is measured in Celsius (°C), Kelvin(K), Fahrenheit (°F), or Rankine (R). It is a measurable
physical property of an object—also known as a state variable. Other measurable physical
properties include velocity, mass, and density, to name a few.
Let s
Çnvestigate
Procedure:
Get a thermometer, record the room temperature.
(carfeul with the thermometer)
Hold the thermometer in your hand and wrap your
fingers around it. Record your body temperature in
degree celcius.
Room Temp:
°C Body Temp: °C
2.
An automobile
headlight with a
resistance
Of 30 Ω is placed across a 12-V battery. What
3 is the current through the circuit?
A.
motor with an operating resistance of 32 Ω is
connected to a voltage source. The current in the
circuit is 3.8A. What is the voltage of the source?
4.
A 30.0 V battery is connected
To a 10.0Ω resistor. What is the
Current in the circuit?
5.
A lamp draws a current of 0.50 A when it
is connected to a 120-V source.
a. What is the resistance of the lamp?
b.What is the power consumption of the
lamp?
6.
A 75-W lamp is connected to 120
V.
a.What is the current through a
lamp?
b. What is the resistance of the
lamp?
Miranda has to use a hair dryer in order to dry her long hair
quickly enough to get to school on time. She has a powerful hair
dryer that dries her hair faster than a less powerful hair dryer
would. That’s because a more powerful hair dryer changes
electric current to thermal energy more quickly.
If Miranda uses her 1.8-kilowatt hair dryer for 0.2 hours, how much
electrical energy does she use?