CRITICAL

READING AS
REASONING
Week 3
OPENING
PRAYER
IDENTIFYING THE CONTEXT
OF TEXT DEVELOPMENT
CONTEXT
 Is defined as the social, cultural, political, historical and
other related circumstances that surround the text.
 In discovering the reading context, you may ask questions
like:
1. When was the work written?
2. What were the circumstances that produced it?
3. What issues does it deal with?
INTERTEXTUALITY
Is the modeling of a text’s meaning by another
text
It is defined as the connections between
languages, images, characters, themes, or
subjects depending on their similarities in
language, genre or discourse.
EXAMPLE
 Bernardo Carpio and Poseidon causes
earthquakes.
EXAMPLE
 Searching information about Philippine Eagle
via Google Search and Wikipedia Article.
HYPERTEXT
A non linear way of showing information.
It connects topics on a screen to related
information, graphic, videos and music-
information that is not simply related to text.
This information appears as links and usually
accessed by clicking.
IDENTIFYING ASSERTIONS
ASSERTIONS
Are Declarative Sentences that claim
something is true about something else.

Simply put, it is a sentence that is either

true or false.
TYPES OF
ASSERTIONS
FACT
 This is a statement that can be proven objectively by direct
experience, testimonies of witnesses, verified observations or
result of research.
 It can be double checked for accuracy.

Eg.
The sampaguita’s roots are used for medicinal purpose, such
as anesthetic and a sedative.
CONVENTION
 A way in which something is done, similar to traditions
and norms.
 It depend on historical precedent, law, rules, usage and
customs.
Eg.
The sampaguita belongs to the genus Jasminum of the
family Oleaceae.
OPINION
 Are based on facts, but are difficult to objectively verify
because of the uncertainty of producing satisfactory proofs of
soundness.
 This result from ambiguities; the more ambiguous a statement,
the more difficult to verify. Thus, they are open to disputes.
Eg.
The popularity of sampaguita flowers is most evident in places
of worship.
PREFERENCE
 Are based on personal choice; therefore they are subjective
and cannot be objectively proven or logically attacked.

Eg.
Sampaguita are the most beautiful and most fragrant of all
flowers.
FORMULATING
COUNTERCLAIMS
COUNTERCLAIMS
 Are claims made to rebut a previous claim.
 They provide a contrasting perspective to the main
argument.
 By being able to locate and provide counterclaims to an
argument, you show a deep competence and familiarity
with the writer’s topic.
THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
WILL HELP YOU FORMULATE
A COUNTERCLAIM:
What are the major points on which you
and the author can disagree?
What is their strongest argument? What
did they say to defend their position?
What are the merits of their view?
THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
WILL HELP YOU FORMULATE
A COUNTERCLAIM:
What are the weaknesses or
shortcoming in their argument?
Are there any hidden assumptions?
What lines from the text best support
the counterclaim you have formulated?
DETERMINING
TEXTUAL
EVIDENCE
EVIDENCE
Is defined as the details given by the author to
support his/her claim.
It is provided by the writer substantiates the text.
It reveals and builds on the position of the writer and
makes the reading more interesting.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
EVIDENCES
Unified
Relevant to the central point
Specific and concrete
Accurate
Representative or typical
TYPES OF EVIDENCES
Facts and Statistics(objectively validated
information on your subject)
Opinion from experts(leading authorities
on a topic, such as researchers or
academics)
TYPES OF EVIDENCES
Personal Anecdotes (generalizable,
relevant, and objectively considered).
THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME
QUESTIONS TO HELP YOU
DETERMINE EVIDENCE FROM
THE
WhatTEXT:
questions can you ask about the
claims?
Which details in the text answer your
questions?
What are the most important details in the
paragraph?
THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME
QUESTIONS TO HELP YOU
DETERMINE EVIDENCE FROM
THE
WhatTEXT:
is each one’s relationship on the
claim?
How does the given detail reinforce the
claim?
What details do you find interesting?
Why?
THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME
QUESTIONS TO HELP YOU
DETERMINE EVIDENCE FROM
THE
WhatTEXT:
are some claims that do not seem to
have support? What kind of support could
they provided with?
What are some details that you find
questionable? Why do you think so?
THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME
QUESTIONS TO HELP YOU
DETERMINE EVIDENCE FROM
THE TEXT:
 Are some details outdated,
inaccurate, exaggerated or
taken out of context?
Are the sources reliable?
CLOSING
PRAYER