Pengukuran Besaran Listrik

~Electrical Measurements~

PERTEMUAN KE-4

MEASUREMENT ERRORS

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 ERROR
-- DEFINITION--
Error is defined as the quantity
difference between the measured
value and the true value

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Kesalahan didefinisikan sebagai perbedaan
kuantitas antara nilai terukur dan nilai
sebenarnya

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 The importance of
ERROR
To know degree of the validity
of measurement data.

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 The importance of
ERROR
• Most experiments require scientists to
make measurements.
• Measurements are rarely exactly the
same.
• Measurements are always somewhat
different from the “true value.”

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•Kebanyakan percobaan memerlukan
ilmuwan untuk membuat pengukuran .
•Pengukuran jarang persis sama .
•Pengukuran selalu agak berbeda dari "
nilai sebenarnya . "

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 Sources of Error

• Two sources of error in a

measurement are:
–limitations in the sensitivity of
the instruments
–imperfections in experimental
design or measurement techniques
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• Dua sumber kesalahan dalam
pengukuran adalah: keterbatasan dalam
sensitivitas instrumen
ketidaksempurnaan dalam desain atau
pengukuran teknik eksperimental
 Type of Error

• Errors are often classified as:

1. Systematic
2. Random
• Kesalahan yang sering diklasifikasikan sebagai :
• Systematic
• acak

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 1. Systematic Error…. (con’t)

Systematic errors describe errors in

the output readings of a measurement
system that are consistently on one
side of the correct reading.
i.e. either all the errors are positive
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or they are all negative.
Kesalahan sistematis menjelaskan kesalahan dalam
pembacaan output sistem pengukuran yang konsisten
pada satu sisi pembacaan yang benar .  
yaitu baik semua kesalahan yang positif  atau mereka
semua negatif

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 1. Systematic Error…. (con’t)
May be of a constant or proportional nature

When determined can be corrected

PGCC CHM 103 Sinex
 1. Systematic Error…. (con’t)
Sources of systematic error :

• Operator
• Calibration of instrument
• Disturbance of the measured
system

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 1. Systematic Error…. (con’t)
Disturbance of the measured system

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 1. Systematic Error…. (con’t)
Disturbance of the measured system

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 1. Systematic Error…. (con’t)

• Instrumental, system and

Sources: human limitations.

How to • Careful calibration.

minimiz • Best possible techniques
e them? • Increase operator skill
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 2. Random Error

Random errors in measurements are

caused by unpredictable variations in
the measurement system.

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 2. Random Error…. (con’t)
• ALWAYS PRESENT
• Sources:
– Operator errors
– Changes in experimental conditions
• How to minimize them?
– Take repeated measurements and
calculate their average.
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 Dealing with Errors
• Identify the errors and their magnitude.
• Try to reduce the magnitude of the error.

HOW?
Better instruments
Better experimental design
Collect a lot of data
 Bad news…
• No matter how good
you are… there will
always be errors.

The question is… How to deal with them?

STATISTICS