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Chapter One
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Introduction
• Deals with representation, properties of signals and their
interaction with various systems
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Introduction
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Introduction
i. Continuous-time signals
If a signal is defined for all instants of time, then it is known
as a continuous-time signal.
A continuous-time signal is written as:
x(t ) , t
Most signals in nature are continuous-time signals.
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Continuous-time and Discrete-time Signals…..
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Basic Operations on Signals
i. Amplitude-scaling
Consider a continuous-time signal denoted by x(t). The signal
y(t) obtained by scaling the amplitude by a factor A is given by:
y (t ) Ax(t )
where :
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Basic Operations on Signals……
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Basic Operations on Signals……
ii. Time-scaling
Consider a continuous-time signal denoted by x(t). The signal
y(t) obtained by scaling the time t by a factor a is defined as:
y (t ) x(at )
where :
a is the time - scaling factor
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Basic Operations on Signals……
y (n) x(an)
where :
a is the time scaling factor
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Basic Operations on Signals……
Example:
Consider a triangular signal x(t) shown in the figure below.
Find and sketch the time-scaled version signals of x(t) given by:
1
a. y (t ) x(2t ) b. y (t ) x t
2
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Basic Operations on Signals……
Solution:
The resulting time-scaled version signals of x(t) are shown in
the figure below.
Exercise:
The discrete-time signal x(n) is given by:
1 , n 2 , 1 , 0
x ( n ) 1 , n 1, 2
0 , otherwise
y (t ) x(t )
y ( n ) x ( n)
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Basic Operations on Signals……
Example:
Consider a continuous-time signal x(t) shown in the figure
below.
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Basic Operations on Signals……
Solution:
The time- reflected version of the given continuous-time
signal x(t) is given below.
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Basic Operations on Signals……
Exercise:
The discrete-time signal x(n) is given by:
1 , n 2 , 1
x ( n ) 2 , n 0 , 1, 2
0 , otherwise
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Basic Operations on Signals……
iv. Time-shifting
Consider a continuous-time signal denoted by x(t). The time-
shifted version of x(t) is defined as:
y (t ) x (t t 0 )
where :
t 0 is the time shift
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Basic Operations on Signals……
y ( n) x ( n n 0 )
where :
n0 is the time shift
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Basic Operations on Signals……
Example:
Consider a rectangular pulse x(t) shown in the figure below.
y (t ) x(t 2)
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Basic Operations on Signals……
Solution:
The resulting rectangular pulse y(t) is obtained by time-shifting
x(t) by 2 units to the right. This time-shifted version signal is
shown in the figure below.
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Basic Operations on Signals……
Exercise:
The discrete-time signal x(n) is given by:
1 , n 1, 2
x ( n ) 1 , n 1 , 2
0 , otherwise
Sketch and label the time-shifted signals given by:
a. y (n) x(n 3)
b. y ( n) x (n 1)
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Basic Operations on Signals……
v. Addition
Let x1(t) and x2(t) be two continuous-time signals.
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Basic Operations on Signals……
vi. Multiplication
Let x1(t) and x2(t) denote a pair two continuous-time signals.
where :
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Basic Operations on Signals……
Exercise:
1. Consider the rectangular continuous-time pulse signal x(t)
shown in the figure below.
a. y (t ) x(2t 3) b. y (t ) 3x(4 t )
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Basic Operations on Signals……
1 , 2 n 2
x ( n)
0 , otherwise
b. y (n) 2 x(1 n)
1
c. y (n) x( n 4)
3
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Basic Continuous and Discrete-time Signals
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Basic Continuous and Discrete-time Signals……
𝑢 ( 𝑡 )=
{1 , 𝑡 >0
¿ 0 ,𝑡 <0
𝑢 ( 𝑡 − 𝑡 0 )=
{1 ,𝑡 >𝑡 0
¿ 0 ,𝑡 < 𝑡 0
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Basic Continuous and Discrete-time Signals……
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Basic Continuous and Discrete-time Signals……
1 , n0
u ( n)
0 , n0
1 , n n0
u ( n n0 )
0 , n n0
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Basic Continuous and Discrete-time Signals……
The discrete-time unit step and shifted unit step functions are
shown in the figure below.
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Basic Continuous and Discrete-time Signals ……
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Basic Continuous and Discrete-time Signals……
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Basic Continuous and Discrete-time Signals……
1 , n0
( n)
0 , n0
The time-shifted discrete-time unit impulse function is defined
as:
1 , n n0
( n n0 )
0 , n n0
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Basic Continuous and Discrete-time Signals……
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Basic Continuous and Discrete-time Signals……
t , t0
r (t )
0 , t0
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Basic Continuous and Discrete-time Signals……
n, n0
r ( n)
0 , n0
n , n n0
r (n n0 )
0 , n n0
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Basic Continuous and Discrete-time Signals……
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Basic Continuous and Discrete-time Signals……
x(t ) A cos(t ) or
x(t ) A sin(t )
x(n) A cos(n ) or
x(n) A sin( n )
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Basic Continuous and Discrete-time Signals……
v. Real exponential signals
The continuous-time real exponential signal is written as:
x(t ) Ke at
x(t ) e j0t
x ( n ) e j 0 n
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Basic Continuous and Discrete-time Signals……
And ,
e j 0 t e j 0 t
cos( 0 t )
2
Similarly, subtracting equation (ii) from equation (i), we
obtain:
e j0t e j0t 2 j sin( 0 t )
e j 0 t e j 0 t
sin( 0 t )
2j
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Basic Continuous and Discrete-time Signals……
And ,
cos( 0 n) Re e j0 n and
sin( 0 n) Im e j0n
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Basic Continuous and Discrete-time Signals……
e j 0 n e j 0 n
cos( 0 n)
2
Similarly, subtracting equation (ii) from equation (i), we
obtain:
e j 0 n e j 0 n 2 j sin( 0 n)
e j 0 n e j 0 n
sin( 0 n)
2j
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Exercise
1. Consider a triangular continuous-time signal x(t) shown in the
figure below.
t
a. y (t ) x(t 1) d . y (t ) x 4
2
b. y (t ) x(2 t ) e. y (t ) x(t )u (1 t )
c. y (t ) x(2t 1) d . y (t ) x(t )u (t 1)
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Exercise……
3. Consider a discrete-time signal x(n) shown in the figure below.
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Exercise……
4. Express the following signals in terms of unit step functions.
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Exercise……
b. x(t ) u (t 1) 2u (t ) u (t 1)
c. x(t ) u (t 3) 2u (t 1) 2u (t 1) u (t 3)
d . x( n) u (n 2) u (n 1) 2u (n 4)
e. x (n) u (n 3) u (n 3)
f . x(n) (n 1) 2 ( n) (n 1)
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