CONSTRUCTION AND

HYDRAULIC
MACHINERY

TYPES OF TURBINE
 PRESENTATION

Name: YOUSAF

Reg. No. : 20CT036

Presented To: Engr. Munawar Hussain

TYPES OF TURBINE
 WATER TURBINE

Water Turbine
A turbine that extracts energy from moving water and converts it into electrical
energy, is called water turbine or hydraulic turbine.
 TYPES OF WATER
TURBINE

Types of Turbines Based on Energy Exchange between the

water and the Machine
Impulse Turbines
If the turbine wheel is driven by the kinetic energy of the
fluid that strikes the turbine blades through the nozzle or otherwise, the turbine
is known as an impulse turbine. In these types of turbines, a set of rotating
machinery operates at atmospheric pressure. Impulse turbines are usually
suitable for high head and low flow rates. Pelton, Turgo, and Cross-flow turbines
are three types of impulse turbines. The construction of the Pelton and Turgo
turbines is similar. However, the Cross-flow turbine is a modified type of impulse
 TYPES OF WATER TURBINE

Reaction Turbines
If the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy of water
which are due to the pressure and velocity, respectively cause the turbine
blades to rotate, the turbine is classified as a reaction turbine. In these types of
turbines, the entire turbine is immersed in water and changes in water pressure
along with the kinetic energy of the water cause power exchange. Applications
of reaction turbines are usually at lower heads and higher flow rates than
impulse turbines.
 TYPES OF WATER TURBINE
Types of Turbines Based on Fluid Direction Through the
Machine
 TYPES OF WATER TURBINE

Radial Flow Turbine

If the flow in the runner moves
radially, the turbine is radial flow. These turbines are
divided into two types: Inward radial flow and outward
radial flow.
Inward Radial Flow Turbines
In these turbines, water enters the turbine casing
through the Penstock, and travels through the fixed
guide vanes to the rotor, and exits from there.
Therefore, the inner and outer diameters are as the
outlet and the inlet, respectively.
 TYPES OF WATER TURBINE

Outward Radial Flow Turbines

Water enters
from the casing in the center of the fixed guide
vanes. They direct water into the rotor around the
fixed guide wheel. Water is discharged from the
outer diameter of the runner. Therefore, the inner
diameter of the runner is the inlet, and the outer
diameter is the outlet.
 TYPES OF WATER TURBINE
Tangential or Peripheral Flow Turbines
In these turbines, water flows in
a tangential direction to the runner. Pelton belongs to this category of turbines.
Axial Flow Turbines
In this type of turbine, the fluid flows parallel to the
turbine shaft (turbine axis). Kaplan is one of these turbines.
Mixed Flow Turbines 
A turbine in which the flow enters the turbine radially
and leaves it axially is a mixed flow turbine, like modern Francis turbines.
 TYPES OF WATER
TURBINE
Types of turbines based on the hydraulic operating range 
Low Head Turbines 
Hydraulic turbines operating in the head range of fewer
than 45 meters are considered low-head turbines. Kaplan turbine is one of these
turbines. If the head is less than 3 meters, it is considered an ultra-low head.
Medium Head Turbines
The working range for heads of 45 to 250 meters is
known as medium heads. Francis turbines generally operate in such conditions.
High Head Turbines 
Turbines with heads higher than 250 meters are known
as high-head turbines, Like the Pelton Turbine.
 TYPES OF WATER TURBINE
Types of Turbines Based on Specific Speed
Low Specific Speed Turbine 
The values between 1 and 10 are low specific speeds.
Impulse turbines operate in this range. For example, the Pelton turbine usually operates at a
specific speed of about 4.
Medium Specific Speed Turbine 
Turbines that operate in the specific speed range of 10
to 100, such as Francis, have a medium specific speed.
High Specific Speed Turbine 
Specific speeds above 100 are considered high values.
Kaplan turbine works at a high specific speed.
 TYPES OF WATER TURBINE

Widely Used Industrial Water Turbines and Their Classifications  

After explaining different methods of classifying turbines and mentioning some examples for
each of them, we will give a brief description of the turbines that are very well known in the
electricity generation industry mentioned in the previous sections.
Pelton 
A Pelton turbine is a type of impulse turbine in which the flow enters the wheel tangentially.
The whole set is at atmospheric pressure, the flow with potential energy and high pressure
flows in the Penstock and reaches the nozzle(s). The nozzle is responsible for converting high-
pressure flow to high-speed flow. Therefore, the current hits the blades of this turbine, which
are in the shape of a bucket, at high speed and causes the runner to rotate.
 PELTON
These turbines are suitable for high heads (up to 2000 meters) and low flow
rates (4-15 m3/s). They are classified as low specific speed turbines. They are
produced in various sizes and have been used up even to a capacity of 200 MW.
 CROSS-FLOW
A cross-flow turbine is a type of modified impulse turbine. Although similar to Pelton or
Turgo, it does not have buckets and the flow does not hit the buckets tangentially,
because the turbine does not submerge in water, it falls into this category of turbines.
The main components of these turbines are the runner, the blades installed on the
runner, the guide vane(s), and the draft tube. The water flows transversely into the
runner, exchanging momentum once with the upper blades and once with the lower
ones. These turbines are commonly used in small hydropower plants. They can work in
a wide range of the heads (between 2 to 200 meters) and the flows (between 20 to 2000
liters per second). These turbines can be very well adapted in cases where the flow
changes to maintain efficiency. The number of blades is between 10 and 34.
 FRANCIS
Francis Turbine is a reaction turbine used for medium heads (10-650 meters) and medium flows.
Output power can be from 10 MW to 750 MW. These turbines are in the range of medium specific
speed turbines. The main components of these turbines include spiral case, stay vanes, Guide
vanes, runner, and draft tube. The spiral case distributes the water around the wheel, and because
its cross-sectional area gradually decreases, it does not allow the water velocity to decrease. The
flow is directed to the wheel by stay vanes. Guide vanes are responsible for changes in the
direction and velocity of water during changes in flow rate. Finally, the energy exchange takes
place in the runner section. The draft tube also acts as an outlet which increases the net head by
moving the exiting water level upwards. The wheels of these turbines are inward radial or mixed.
The higher the specific speed, the closer the wheel gets to the mixed flow. The axis of these
turbines is made vertically or horizontally; the horizontal type is used for less power and smaller
power plants.
FRANCIS
 KAPLAN

Kaplan is a propeller-type of reaction turbine. Kaplan turbines are used for low

heads and high flow rates. The main components of these turbines include spiral case,
stay vanes, wicket gates, runner, and draft tube. The water flows radially into the
guiding regulator. The spire, blade, and movable vanes act similarly to the Francis
turbine. Unlike propellers, blades are adjustable in Kaplan. Therefore, by adjusting the
guide vanes and blades, the flow rate can be changed in order to maintain efficiency.
The Kaplan turbine, whose wheel is axial, is mounted vertically for high power and
horizontally for low power and low heads. The specific speed of these turbines is 2 to 3
times that of Francis and they are classified in the category of high specific speed
turbines. The efficiency chart of these turbines is flat and can maintain its efficiency in
a wider range of flow, unlike Francis. The number of blades is 3 to 6, which is much less
than Francis being 11 to 17.
KAPLAN
 STEAM TURBINE
A Turbine which extracts energy form the moving steam and converts it into
electrical energy, is called steam turbine
 TYPES OF STEAM TURBINE
According to the Mode of Steam Action
Impulse Turbine
If the steam available at the inlet has only kinetic energy,
the turbine is called impulse turbine.
Reaction Turbine
If the steam available at the inlet has kinetic energy as well
pressure energy, the turbine is called reaction turbine.

According to the Direction of Steam Flow

Axial Flow Turbine
If the steam flows through the runner in the direction
parallel to the axis of rotation of the runner, the turbine is called axial flow
turbine.
 TYPES OF STEAM TURBINE
Radial Flow Turbine
If the steam flows through the runner in the radial
direction, the turbine is called radial flow turbine.

According to the Exhaust Condition of Steam

Condensing Turbine
A turbine in which the steam is condensed, when it
comes out of the turbine is called condensing turbine. It produces large output
with single unit.
Non-Condensing Turbine
In non-condensing turbine, the exhaust steam
leaves the turbine at atmospheric pressure or low pressure. There is no
condensation of steam takes place in this turbine.
 TYPES OF STEAM TURBINE
According to the Pressure of Steam
(i). High Pressure Turbine
(ii). Medium Pressure Turbine
(iii). Low Pressure Turbine

According to the Number of Stages

Single Stage Steam Turbine
In single stage steam turbine, the steam after leaving
the nozzle, impinges on one end of the blade, glides over the inner surface, leaves the
blades and exhaust into the condenser.
Multi Stage Steam Turbine
In multi stages turbine, sometimes the steam after
leaving the moving blade is again made to flow through a fixed blade ring and again
impinges on second moving blade. Here the fixed blade ring is used to make the steam to
 GAS TURBINE

A turbine which extracts energy from the hot moving gas and converts it into
electricity, is called gas turbine.
 TYPES OF GAS TURBINE
According to the Path of Working Substance
 Closed Cycle Gas Turbine
In closed cycle gas turbine the, the air (gas) is
continuously circulates within the turbine.
Open Cycle Gas Turbine
In this type of turbine, the air is not circulated
continuously within the turbine. The air after flowing over the blades of the
turbine exhausted in the atmosphere.
Semi-Closed Gas Turbine
As the name indicates, the semi-closed gas
turbine is the combination of both the turbines, one working on the open cycle
and the other on the closed cycle.
 TYPES OF GAS TURBINE
According to the Process of Heat Absorption
Constant Pressure Gas Turbine
A turbine in which the air is heated at
constant pressure in the combustion chamber is called constant pressure gas turbine.
Constant Volume Gas Turbine
A turbine in which the air is heated at constant
volume in the combustion chamber is called constant volume gas turbine.
 WIND TURBINE
A turbine which extracts energy from the fast moving wind and converts it into
electricity, is called wind turbine.
 TYPES OF WIND TURBINE
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT)
A wind turbine in which the shaft
of the turbine is horizontal to the ground is called horizontal axis wind turbine.
In other words if the axis of rotation of the turbine blades are horizontal to the
ground than it is known as horizontal axis wind turbine.
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)
A wind turbine in which the shaft of
the turbine is vertical to the ground is called vertical axis wind turbine. In other
words, if the axis of rotation of the turbine blades are vertical to the ground
than the turbine is known as vertical axis wind turbine.
THANK YOU!