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FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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Cell Division

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

3 Cell Division

 Cell
 Cell Cycle
 Interphase
 G1
 S Phase
 G2 Phase
 G0 Phase
 M Phase
 Mitotic Division
 Meiotic Division
 Summary

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

4 Cell

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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CELL CYCLE
 The ordered sequence of the
events that occur in a cell for
cell division.
 Its includes two stages
 Interphase (growth phase / non –
dividing phase)
 M phase (division phase /
mitotic phase)

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

6 Cell Division

 The cell cycle is a four-stage process in which the cell increases in size,
copies its DNA, prepare to dive and divides.
 Increase in size takes place in Gap1 or G1stage.
 Coping of DNA takes place in Synthesis or S stage.
 Cell prepares to divides in Gap2 or G2 stage.
 Cell divides in Mitosis or M stage.
 The different stages in cell cycle are G1, S, G2 and interphase (M stage).

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

7 G1 Stage

 During G1 phase, the cell grows in size

and synthesizes mRNA and protein that
are required for DNA synthesis.
 Once the required proteins and growth
are complete, the cell enters the
next phase of the cell cycle, S phase.
 The duration of each phase, including
the G1 phase, is different in many
different types of cells.

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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S Stage
 S phase (Synthesis Phase) is
the phase of the cell cycle in
which DNA is replicated,
occurring between G1 phase and
G2 phase.
 Since accurate duplication of the
genome is critical to successful
cell division, the processes that
occur during S-phase are tightly
regulated and widely conserved.

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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G2 Stage
 The last part of interphase is
called the G2 phase.
 The cell has grown, DNA has
been replicated, and now the cell
is almost ready to divide.
 This last stage is all about
prepping the cell for mitosis or
meiosis.
 During G2, the cell has to grow
some more and produce any
molecules it still needs to divide.

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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M Stage
 Mitosis, or the M phase,
involves nuclear division and
cytokinesis, where two identical
daughter cells are produced.
 Mitosis involves prophase,
prometaphase, metaphase,
anaphase, and telophase.
 Finally, cytokinesis leads to cell
division.

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

11 Two types of Cell Division

Mitotic Division Meiotic Division

o Mitosis is a process where a single cell o Meiosis is a process where a single cell
divides into two identical daughter cells divides twice to produce four cells
(cell division). containing half the original amount of
o During mitosis one cell? divides once to genetic information.
form two identical cells. o These cells are our sex cells – sperm in
o males, eggs in females.
The major purpose of mitosis is for
growth and to replace worn out cells. o During meiosis one cell? divides twice
to form four daughter cells

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

12 Mitosis

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

13 Mitosis

 History
 Definition
 Process
 Significance
 Summary

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

14 Mitosis

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

15 Mitosis

 Mitosis is also called as equational division since the chromosome number remains
same to that of parent cell.
 There are different stages in mitosis as fallows :
 Prophase
 Metaphase
 Anaphase
 Telophase
 Cytokinesis

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

16 Mitosis

 Prophase
 Metaphase
 Anaphase
 Telophase
 Cytokinesis

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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Prophase
 Prophase is the first phase of
mitosis, the process that
separates the duplicated genetic
material carried in the nucleus of
a parent cell into two identical
daughter cells.
 During prophase, the complex
of DNA and proteins contained
in the nucleus, known as
chromatin, condenses.

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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Metaphase
 Metaphase. Chromosomes line
up at the metaphase plate, under
tension from the mitotic spindle.
The two sister chromatids of
each chromosome are captured
by microtubules from opposite
spindle poles.
 In metaphase, the spindle has
captured all the chromosomes
and lined them up at the middle
of the cell, ready to divide

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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Anaphase
 During anaphase, each pair of
chromosomes is separated into
two identical, independent
chromosomes.
 The separated chromosomes are
then pulled by the spindle to
opposite poles of the cell.

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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Telophase
 Telophase is the fifth and final
phase of mitosis, the process that
separates the duplicated genetic
material carried in the nucleus of
a parent cell into two identical
daughter cells. 
 Telophase begins once the
replicated, paired chromosomes
have been separated and pulled
to opposite sides, or poles, of the
cell.

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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Cytokinesis
 Cytokinesis is the division of
cells .
  During cytokinesis, the
cytoplasm (the liquid center of
the cell that holds the organelles
into place) splits into two equal
halves, and the cell becomes two
daughter cells.

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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FIRST STEP : Cell Division

23 Significance of Mitosis

 It is a common method of multiplication of cells in the body.

 Mitosis is necessary for maintenance and perpetuation of life.
 The chromosome number in each daughter nucleus remains the same as in parents
nucleus.
 It gives rise to two daughter cell.
 Mitosis ensures that each progeny cell has the same genetic information as the
mother cell.

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

24 MEIOSIS

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

25 MEIOSIS

 History
 Definition
 Process
 Division I
 Division II
 Significance
 Summary

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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FIRST STEP : Cell Division

 MEIOSIS or REDUCTIONAL
DIVISION
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Meiosis was first worked out by Strasburg in 1888. Weismann in 1887 was the first
person to point out the reduction of the chromosome number in the reproductive cell.
The term meiosis was coined by J.B. Farmer in 1905.

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

28 MEIOSIS

 Meiosis is a form of Nuclear division in which the chromosomes is halved from

the Diploid number (2n) to the Haploid number (n).
 Meiotic division is most important for the development of sexual reproduction in
both Plant and Animal cells.
 The cells which meiosis takes place are termed as Meiocytes.
 It involves DNA replication during interphase in the parent cells but this is
followed by two cycles of nuclear divisions and cell divisions, known as Meiosis I
and Meiosis II.

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

 PROCESS OF MEIOSIS
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Meiosis comprises two successive division of mother nucleus (Meiocytes), of which

Division I is Reduction division, whereby the chromosome number(2n) is reduced to
half (n) and Division II is mitotic in nature, which is Equational division, in which the
chromosome number remains same (n).Thus a single diploid cell (2n) gives rise to four
haploid (n) cells.

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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FIRST STEP : Cell Division

31 DIVISION I
Heterotypic Division or First Meiotic Division

 In this division, the nucleus passes through the same phases as in Mitosis, but there are certain special
features of meiosis distinct from mitosis.
 It involves :
 PROPHASE I
• Leptotene
• Zygotene
• Pachytene
• Diplotene
• Diakinesis
 METAPHASE I
 ANAPHASE I
 TELOPHASE I

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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Leptonema
 Leptotene
 Leptos=thin , nema=thread
 Short process.
 The nucleus size increases
considerably.
 The chromosomes appear as
long as long thread structure
being numerous bead like
structure called chromo meres
are found all along the length
of chromosomes.
 The threads are coiled and
appear as singlet
chromonemata.
FIRST STEP : Cell Division
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Zygonema
 Zygotene
 Zygo=pair, nema=thread
 Most striking and significant event.
 Homologous chromosomes start pairing.
 This phenomenon of pairing of homologous
chromosomes is called as Synapsis.
 The chromosome pairs of zygotene stage
are called bivalent.
 Each pairs of homologous chromosomes
consists of four chromatids which are
referred as tetrad.
 Because of the pairing of the homologous
the nucleus appear as if it has haploid
number of chromosomes.
 The coiling of chromosomes continues
which results in condensation.

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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Pachytene
 Pachytene
 Pachus=thick, nema=thread
 Pairing of the chromosomes complete.
 Chromosomes become shortened and
thickened and coiled.
 The two components of each bivalent coil
around each other by relational coiling.
 The bivalent splits longitudinally and thus
the bivalent appear four stranded (tetrad).
 Crossing over or exchange of segments of
chromatids takes place.
 Crossing over takes place i.e. Reunion
takes place between segments of non-
sister chromatids, exchange of chromatid
segments.

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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Diplotene
 Diplotene
 Diplos=two, nema=thread
 Further thickening and
shortening of chromosome.
 Homologous chromosome only
remain attach at a certain
point called Chiasma. (the
chromosomes appear ‘o’
shaped if there are two
chiasmata.)
 Chromosomes becomes very
much coiled and shorten.

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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Diakinesis
 It is the last stage of the prophase I.
 Chromosomes appear highly contracted.
 Separation of homologous chromosomes
complete.
 Terminalisation : The loop between the
chiasmata become wider and tend to
move away from centromere towards one
or both the ends of the chromosomes.
 Nuclear membrane begin to disappear and
nucleolus may not be seen anymore.
 Chromosomes are thus released into the
cytoplasm.
 By this time spindle fibers get organized
to establish the poles of the cells, thus
determination of the axis of orientation
occur.

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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Metaphase
 Condensation of chromosomes
are completely condensed.
 Four stranded bivalent are
arranged at the equator of the
spindle.
 Centromeres lie in the middle
of spindle equidistant from
the poles.
 The spindle fibers get attached
with the centromeres of
bivalent; one of each
centromere of each bivalent
becomes attached with the
fiber of one pole and other
centromere attached with the
FIRSTfiber coming
STEP : Cell Division from the
opposite pole.
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FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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ANAPHASE I
 The two chromosomes comprising the
bivalent move to the opposite poles of
the cell.
 As the centromeres move first, they
carry with them the arms of
chromosomes effecting the complete
terminalisation of the chiasmata.
 The arms of the two chromatid
diverge. (at late anaphase, one
homologue of each bivalent reaches to
one pole and other to the another
pole.)
 Eventually at this stage there is a
reduction of chromosome number by
half from diploid to haploid number.
 ( important difference between
mitosis and meiosis)

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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TELOPHASE I
 The chromosomes forms a compact
group at each poles.
 The nucleolus and the nuclear
membrane reappear around the each
polar group of chromosomes.
 The two daughter nuclei thus formed
eventually contain haploid (n)
chromosomes, each with a pair of
chromatids.
 These are two newly formed nuclei
with reduced chromosome number
called Dyad.
 Cytokinesis occur, thus the finial
product of meiosis I are two haploid
(n) daughter cells.

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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FIRST STEP : Cell Division

45 MEIOSIS II
Homotypic Division or Second Meiotic Division
 Sister chromatids within the two daughter cells separate forming the four haploid
gametes.
 The amount of genetic information remains same.
 Comparative shorter than meiosis I.
 Also called as Equational Division.
 Its is similar to mitosis.

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

46 DIVISION II

 The phases are almost same as found in mitosis.

• Prophase II
• Metaphase II
• Anaphase II
• Telophase II
• Cytokinesis II

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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PROPHASE II
 Similar to prophase of mitosis
.
 In late prophase chromosomes
becomes thick and shorter
than early stage.
 Centrosomes remain
undivided.
 Nuclear membrane begin to
disintegrate.
 Formation of spindle takes
place.

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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METAPHASE II
Chromosome from the each
daughter cell move in the middle
region of the cell.
They got arranged on the
equator of newly formed spindle.
Centromere of each
chromosome divides into
longitudinal plane to form
daughter centromere.

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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ANAPHASE II
 Repulsion of centromere of
sister chromatids.
 Sister chromatids get
separated.
 Daughter chromatids of
chromosomes moves apart
towards opposite pairs of
spindle.

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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TELOPHASE II
Movement of sister chromatid
to the opposite poles of the cell
is completed.
Nucleolus begins to organize
around each chromatid.
Nuclear membrane reappears
around the chromosomal groups.

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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CYTOKINESIS II
Intermediate wall or cell plate
develop between two daughter
nuclei.
Division of cytoplasm is
completed by cell plate
formation.
Four cells with Haploid
nucleus is formed.

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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FIRST STEP : Cell Division

55 Significance of Meiosis

 Chromosome number is reduced to half in the daughter nuclei so it facilitates in

keeping the number of chromosome constant in the species.
 It plays in the evolution of species. In diplotene stage of stage of prophase I of
meiosis I, recombination provides the exchange of genes between homologous
chromosomes.
 A diploid cell forms haploid cells.
 This reduction is accomplished by two successive cell division in which the
chromosome duplicated only once.

FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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FIRST STEP : Cell Division

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Thank You
Shrawani Deshmukh
First Step

FIRST STEP : Cell Division