E

N S
Excursion
W and Study of
Various Geological Field
Features

At Malekhu
Nepal
INTRODUCTION

 Geology is one of the most intresting for geological study. First day we
and useful subjects for the layman learnt about the lanslides, to handle
and the knowledgeable people alike. geological compass, folds, and
The subject geology is very useful in uncorfimity. Second day we learnt
the fields of civil engineering, mining about identification of rocks.
and ground water investigation.  This performance was very effective
 The two days from 4th of Poush to 6th for knowledge and experience.
of Poush, we were taken to malekhu
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

 To identify different types of rocks,

 To identify different types of folds
and uncorfimity,
 To handle geological compass,
 To find orientation of rock beds,
 To identify landslide and it’s
classification.
Location of
Study Area:

 Malekhu is a small town situated in  Malekhu is widely popular for

Dhading district, halfway between adventurous sports such as rafting,
Kathmandu and Narayangadh. trekking, kayaking and so on.

 It is situated in the bank of Trishuli

River.
 It is famous for various types of fish
species and its product.
 Handling of Geological compass and
measurement of attitude of geological planes

Brunton Compass Parts

Different parts are listed
below:
 Mirror
 Lift pin for needle
 Compass card
 Sighting arm
 Needle
 Bull’s eye level
 Clinometer level
 Compass needle
 
Requirement for
drawing
Topographical maps

1.Legends
2.Scale
3.Direction (With references to
North)
 Landslide

A landslide is defined as the movement of a

mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope.
 Varnes Classification of
Landslides
The landslide classification based on
Varnes' (1978) system has two
terms: -
• the first term describes the material
type,
• the second term describes the type
of movement.
• Crown: The practically
Main • Main body : The part
of displaced material
undisplaced material still
in place and adjacent to
Features that overlies the surface
of rupture Between the
the highest part of main
scarp.
of main scarp and the toe
of surface of rupture.
• Top : The highest point of Landslides • Toe : The lower,
contact between the usually covered margin
displaced material and of displaced material of
Scarp.
Landslides , it is the
farthest from the main
scrap.
 
 Location
From the confluence of
Trishuli and Malekhu
river , 1200m (approx.)
upstream of Malekhu river
and 30m from the left
bank.
 . Engineering
Classification of
Rock Mass

Rock mass is referred to an

assemblage of rock material
separated by rock
discontinuities, mostly by joints,
bedding planes, dyke intrusions
and faults etc.
Rock Quality
Designation (RQD)

RQD= ×100%

Fig. Rock Core Sample

 Rock Mass Rating (RMR)
Parameters:

• • The uniaxial compressive strength

of the intact rock (σc)
• • Rock Quality Designation (RQD)
• • Discontinuity spacing
• • Condition of discontinuity surfaces
• • Groundwater conditions
• • Orientation of discontinuities
Q-system (Rock
Tunneling Quality Index)
• 𝑄=
• Where,
• ▪ RQD (Rock quality designation) > 10 (measuring the
degree of fracturing)
• ▪ Jn, Joint set number (number of discontinuity sets)
• ▪ Jr, Joint roughness number for critically oriented joint set
(roughness of discontinuity surfaces)
• ▪ Ja, Joint alteration number for critically oriented joint set
(degree of alteration or weathering and filling of
discontinuity surfaces)
• ▪ Jw, Joint water reduction number (pressure and inflow
rates of water within discontinuities)
• ▪ SRF, Stress reduction factor (presence of shear zones,
stress concentrations, squeezing or swelling rocks)
Fig. Geological challenges while constructing tunnels
Fig. Malekhu’s right bank rock beds (Used for RMR,RQD)
Structural Geology Click icon to add picture

Study of Deformation of rocks

and forces that causes.

1. Folds
2. Unconformity
3. River Morphology
 Concept

In structural geology, a fold is a stack of originally planar

surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, that are bent or curved
during permanent deformation.
 Parts of a Fold:

In a series of folds it is evident like waves. They consist of alternate crests and troughs.
The crest of the fold is termed as anticline while the trough is called synclines. An
anticline and syncline constitute a fold.

Limbs or Flanks:
Limbs or a flank of the fold is sloping side from the crest to the trough.
Axial plane:
An imaginary plane bisecting the vertical angle between equal slopes on either sides of
the crest line.
Axis of the fold:
The line that divides the section of the fold.
 Identification of Fold in the field

• Identification of Fold in the field

• 1)      The easiest and simplest way is the eye inspection. If we found any geological
structure according to the normal definition of a fold then it can be identified as fold only
by direct observation.
• 2)      The repetition and absence of beds also indicates the presence of fold.
• 3)      It is usually observed that streams follows the axis portion of the anticline ridges
and high lands and damped-structures occur along the axis of the synclines. So;
sometimes the direction flow of stream or river shows the presence of a fold.
• 4)      When the types of folds are to be recognized on the basis of the age consideration
of the beds, the top and bottom of beds are determined by taking into account the
nature, and form of the features occurring on the beds itself. Accordingly some types of
folds have been inferred.
 Location of fold

In the field we observed a fold

around 100 m upstream of
Trishuli river from the old bridge
and 100m from the right bank.
This fold is asymmetrical
plunging anticline fold. Crack was
observed in the crest of the fold.

Fig. Anticline Fold (Malekhu Site)

 Unconformity

An unconformity is defined as a
surface of erosion or non
depositing occurring within
a  sequence of rocks.

Manitou Springs, Colorado, where an exposed outcrop shows a feature known as the "Great Unconformity.
Types of Unconformity

 1.Disconformities
 Disconformities are usually erosional contacts
that are parallel to the bedding planes of the
upper and lower rock units.
 
 2. Nonconformities. 
 A nonconformity  is the contact that separates
a younger sedimentary rock unit from an
igneous intrusive rock or metamorphic rock unit.
  Fig.Angular Unconformity
 3. Angular unconformities. 
 An angular unconformity  is the contact that
separates a younger, gently dipping rock unit
from older underlying rocks that are tilted or
deformed layered rock.
END SLIDE
 RECOGNITION OF UNCONFORMITY IN
THE FIELD

1. Visual inspection of the angular relation between the sequences.

2.      Presence of Basal Conglomerate.
3.      Availability of the residual soil within the sequence of rocks.
4.      Exposure of the erosion surface.
5.      Contrasting behaviour of the rocks from a particular surface.
6.      Variation or gap in the geological age of the rocks of the sequence
 Petrology

Petrology is the study of rocks - igneous, metamorphic,

and sedimentary - and the processes that form and
transform them. 

There are three kinds of rock:

 igneous,
 sedimentary,
 metamorphic.
 Igneous Rocks:
Igneous rocks (from the Latin word for fire) form when hot, molten

 
rock crystallizes and solidifies. E.g. Granite

S.N Physical Properties

o.
1 Sample 01
no.
2 Color White, grey, black
3 Specific 2.75
gravity
4 Mineralo Essential Mineralogy Feldspar
gy Accessory Mineralogy Biotite
5 Texture Coarse Grained
6 Identific Granite
ation
7 Classific Igneous rock
ation
8 Uses Counter taps ,curbing
9 Engineering Floor ,fire place, stair treads
  uses
Granite
 
Metamorphic Rock
Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing
rock to new types of rock in a process called metamorphism.
E.g. Schist,Marble,Quartzite

1. Schist

S. Physical Properties
N
o.
1 Sample no. 02

2 Color Grey
3 Specific gravity 2.39-2.20

4 Mineralogy Quartz, feldspar, micas

5 Texture Foliated
6 Identification Schist

7 Classification Metamorphic rock

8 Uses Garden Decoration,Pacing Schist

 2.Marble

S. Physical Properties
N
o.

1 Sample no. 03

2 Color White
3 Specific gravity 2.5

4 Mineralogy Calcite (Ca)

5 Texture Granulose
6 Identification Marble

7 Classification Metamorphic rock (of Sedimentary carbonates)

8 Uses Decoration
9 Engineering Floor , flooring and making concrete
  uses Marble
 
 3.Quartzite

S. Physical Properties
N
o.

1 Sample no. 04

2 Color Generally White or pale color

3 Specific gravity 2.7

4 Mineralogy Quartz , mica

5 Texture Granulose
6 Identification Quartzite

7 Classification Metamorphic rock

8 Uses Roofing tiles ,cover walls
9 Engineering Engineering Founadation ,concreation and excavation.
  uses
  Quartzite
 Sedimentary rocks 
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation of sediments.
E.g. Sandstone,Limestone,Dolomite

1.Limestone
S. Physical Properties
N
o.

1 Sample no. 05

2 Color Grey , white

3 Specific gravity 2.6

4 Mineralogy Calcium carbonate

5 Texture Granular
6 Identification Limestone

7 Classification Sedimentary rock

8 Uses Water treatment and purification

9 Engineering Production of cement , road for structural beam
Limestone
  uses
 
 2.Dolomite

S Physical Properties
.
N
o
.

1 Sample no. 06
2 Color White , grey to pink
3 Specific 2.84-2.56
gravity
4 Mineralogy Ca ,

5 Texture Prigonal crystal

6 Identification Dolomite
7 Classification Sedimentary rock
8 Uses Brick cement , use of aggregate for refractory
9 Engineering Used as source of magnesium
  uses
Dolomite
 
 3.Sandstone

S. Physical Properties
No
.

1 Sample no. 07

2 Color White medium

3 Specific gravity 2.3 – 2.8

4 Mineralogy Quartz , feldspar, lithic fragment

5 Texture clastic
6 Identification Sandstone

7 Classification Sedimentary rock

8 Uses Decoration, flower bed

9 Engineering Steel furnance , fiber glass
  uses Sandstone
 
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Different Types of Rocks found
At Malekhu’s river site.
 River Morphology Click icon to add picture

The terms river
morphology and its synonym 
stream morphology are used to
describe the shapes of river 
channels and how they change
in shape and direction over
time. 

Malekhu river
River channel patterns:
Braided, meandering, and straight
Fig.Malekhu’s River Morphology
THANK YOU