Chapter 5

Chemical bonds

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1. Diagram 7.1 shows a conversation between Danny and her mother while preparing a dinner.

Diagram 7.1
a. Based on the conversation in Diagram 7.1, compare and explain the differences of melting point of ice cubes and salt.
[4M]
The melting point of ice cubes is lower than salt. It is because the ice cubes can be liquid and solid form at the room
temperature, but the salt is in the solid form at the room temperature.

b. Name the type of bond for the compounds mentioned in Diagram 2. explain the formation of the compounds. [10M]
b. Name the type of bond for the compounds mentioned in Diagram 2. explain the formation of the compounds. [10M]
The ice cubes is covalent compound whereas the salt is ionic compound.

The covalent compound formed by the covalent bond. The electron arrangement of the Hydrogen atom is 1. The electron
arrangement of the oxygen atom is 2.6 .Hydrogen atom need one electron whereas Oxygen atom need two electrons to
achieve a stable octet electron arrangement. Hence, two hydrogen atom contributes one electron and one oxygen atom
contributes two electrons for sharing to achieve stable duplet and octet electron arrangement. Two hydrogen atoms and
one oxygen atom shared two pairs of electrons. A covalent compound, water is produced.

The ionic compound when ions of opposite charges attract one another to form an ionic bond. Sodium atom, Na donate
one electron and Chlorine atom accept one electron from sodium atom. Both atom achieve a stable octet electron
arrangement . Sodium ion and Chloride ion are formed. They attract one another by strong electrostatic attraction force
（ ionic bonds ） due to their opposite charges. Hence, an ionic compound, NaCl is formed.
 c. Diagram 7.2 shows an observation when table salt is added in two different solvents, solvent W and
solvent X. the property of the salt in the solvents is shown by ammeter reading when electrolysis
process is conducted

i. Based on Diagram 7.2, suggest solvent W and solvent X. [2M]

W- water X- cyelohexane
ii. Explain the different in the properties between table salt in solvent W and in solvent X. [4M]
The table salt is ion compound so it can dissolve in solvent W (water) ,but does not dissolve in solvent X
When table salt in solvent W, the water molecules help to overcome the electrostatic attraction force
between ion and break down the lattice structure of the solid compound. Hence, ions can move freely in
water. In the other hand, the solvent X which is organic solvent cannot overcome electrostatic forces
between ions in a solid ionic compound. Hence, table cannot dissolve on organic solvent.