RESEARCH TECHNIQUES

IN ARCHITECTURE &
PLANNING

TOPIC: SAMPLE DESIGN

AND ITS TYPE

PRESENTED BY:
KAVITA PATEL, SALONI SINGH
M.ARCH (IST YEAR)
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE &
PLANNING, LUCKNOW
 SAMPLE DESIGN

Introduction
Census and
Sample Survey
A sample design is a definite plan
Steps in
for obtaining a sample from a
Sample Design
given population. It refers to the
Features of a good technique or the procedure the
Sample Design researcher would adopt in
Types of selecting items for the sample.
Sample Design Sample design may as well lay
Complex Random down the number of items to be
Sample Design included in the sample, i.e., the
Implications of size of the sample. It is determined
selecting a before data are collected.
sampling procedure

Conclusion

Reference

RESEARCH TECHNIQUES IN
ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING
 SAMPLE DESIGN

• All items in any field of inquiry constitute a ‘Universe’ or ‘Population.’ A complete

Introduction
enumeration of all items in the ‘population’ is known as a census inquiry. It can be
Census and presumed that in such an inquiry, when all items are covered, no element of chance is
Sample Survey left and highest accuracy is obtained. But in practice this may not be true. Even the
Steps in slightest element of bias in such an inquiry will get larger and larger as the number of
Sample Design observation increases.
Features of a good
Sample Design • When field studies are undertaken in practical life, considerations of time and cost
almost invariably lead to a selection of respondents.
Types of
Sample Design
• The selected respondents constitute what is technically called a ‘sample’ and the
Complex Random
Sample Design
selection process is called ‘sampling technique.’ The survey so conducted is known as
‘sample survey’.
Implications of
selecting a EXAMPLE: Let the population size be N and if a part of size n (which is < N) of this
sampling procedure
population is selected according to some rule for studying some characteristic of the
Conclusion population, the group consisting of these n units is known as ‘sample’.

Reference

RESEARCH TECHNIQUES IN
ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING
 SAMPLE DESIGN
While developing a sampling design, the researcher must pay attention to the following
points:
I. Type of universe: The first step in developing any sample design is to clearly define the set
Introduction of objects, technically called the Universe, to be studied. The universe can be finite or
Census and infinite.
Sample Survey Finite Universe - the number of items is certain, example- the number of workers in a factory
Steps in
Sample Design Infinite Universe -number of items is infinite i.e., the number of stars in the sky.
Features of a good
II. Sampling unit: A decision has to be taken concerning a sampling unit before selecting
Sample Design
sample. Sampling unit may be a geographical one such as state, district, village, etc., or a
Types of construction unit such as house, flat, etc., or it may be a social unit such as family, club,
Sample Design
school, etc., or it may be an individual.
Complex Random
Sample Design III. Source List: It is also known as ‘sampling frame’ from which sample is to be drawn. If
Implications of source list is not available, researcher has to prepare it. Such a list should be
selecting a comprehensive, correct, reliable and appropriate.
sampling procedure
IV. Size of Sample: This refers to the number of items to be selected from the universe to
Conclusion constitute a sample.
• The size of sample should neither be excessively large, nor too small. It should be
Reference optimum.
• An optimum sample is one which fulfils the requirements of efficiency,
representativeness, reliability and flexibility.
RESEARCH TECHNIQUES IN
ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING
 SAMPLE DESIGN

Introduction V Parameters of interest: In determining the sample design, one must consider the
question of the specific population parameters which are of interest.
Census and • For instance, we may be interested in estimating the proportion of persons with some
Sample Survey
characteristic in the population, or knowing some average or the other measure concerning
Steps in the population.
Sample Design • There may also be important sub-groups in the population.
Features of a good
Sample Design EXAMPLE: Selection of Songs according to age groups.
Types of
Sample Design VI Budgetary constraint: Cost considerations, from practical point of view, have a major
Complex Random impact upon decisions relating to not only the size of the sample but also to the type of
Sample Design sample.
Implications of
selecting a VII Sampling procedure: Finally, the researcher must decide the type of sample he will use
sampling procedure i.e., he must decide about the technique to be used in selecting the items for the sample. In
fact, this technique or procedure stands for the sample design itself.
Conclusion

Reference

RESEARCH TECHNIQUES IN
ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING
 SAMPLE DESIGN

Introduction
Census and
Sample Survey The characteristics of a good sample design as under:
Steps in (a)Sample design must result in a truly representative sample.
Sample Design
Features of a good (b) Sample design must be such which results in a small sampling error.
Sample Design
Types of (c) Sample design must be viable in the context of funds available for the research
Sample Design study.
Complex Random
Sample Design (d) Sample design must be such so that systematic bias can be controlled in a
Implications of better way.
selecting a
sampling procedure (e) Sample should be accurate.

Conclusion

Reference

RESEARCH TECHNIQUES IN
ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING
 SAMPLE DESIGN

There are different types of sample designs based on two factors

Introduction 1. representation basis
Census and 2. element selection basis.
Sample Survey • On the representation basis,
Steps in I. Probability sampling
Sample Design II. Non-probability sampling.
1. Probability sampling is based on the concept of random selection,
Features of a good
Sample Design 2. Non-probability sampling is ‘non- random’ sampling.
• On element selection basis,
Types of
I. unrestricted
Sample Design
II. restricted.
Complex Random 1. Unrestricted ,When each sample element is drawn individually from the population
Sample Design
at large, then the sample so drawn is known as ‘unrestricted sample.
Implications of 2. Whereas all other forms of sampling are covered under the term ‘restricted
selecting a sampling’. The following chart exhibits the sample designs as explained above.
sampling procedure

Conclusion

Reference

RESEARCH TECHNIQUES IN
ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING
 SAMPLE DESIGN

Introduction
Census and
Sample Survey
Steps in
Sample Design
Features of a good
Sample Design
Types of
Sample Design
Complex Random
Sample Design
Implications of
selecting a
sampling procedure

Conclusion

Reference

RESEARCH TECHNIQUES IN
ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING
 SAMPLE DESIGN

Introduction
Census and
Sample Survey
Steps in
Sample Design
Features of a good
Sample Design
Types of
Sample Design
Complex Random
Sample Design
Implications of
selecting a
sampling procedure

Conclusion

Reference

RESEARCH TECHNIQUES IN
ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING
 SAMPLE DESIGN

Introduction
Census and
Sample Survey
Steps in
Sample Design
Features of a good
Sample Design
Types of
Sample Design
Complex Random
Sample Design
Implications of
selecting a
sampling procedure

Conclusion

Reference

RESEARCH TECHNIQUES IN
ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING
 SAMPLE DESIGN

i) Systematic sampling:-
Introduction -the most practical way of sampling is to select every item
Census and on a list.
Sample Survey in systematic sampling only the first unit is selected
Steps in
randomly and the remaining units of the sample are
Sample Design selected at fixed intervals.
• Systematic sampling has certain plus points.
Method of • the systematic sample is spread more
selecting a
sampling procedure evenly over the entire population.
• either get all defective items or all good items in our
Features of a good
sample depending upon the random starting position.
Sample Design
If all elements of the universe are ordered in a manner
Types of representative of the total population.
Sample Design
In practice systematic sampling is used when lists of
Steps in population are available
Sample Design and they are of considerable length.
Complex Random
Sample Design
-
Conclusion

Reference
RESEARCH TECHNIQUES IN
ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING
 SAMPLE DESIGN

Introduction (ii) Stratified sampling:

• If a population from which a sample is to be drawn does not constitute a
Census and homogeneous group.
Sample Survey • Under stratified sampling the population is divided into several sub-
Steps in populations that are individually more homogeneous than the total
Sample Design population .
Method of • We select items from each stratum to constitute a sample. We are able to
selecting a get more precise estimates for each stratum and by estimating more
sampling procedure accurately each of the component parts.
Features of a good • stratified sampling results in more reliable and detailed information.
Sample Design
Types of
Sample Design
Steps in
Sample Design
Complex Random
Sample Design

Conclusion

Reference
RESEARCH TECHNIQUES IN
ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING
 SAMPLE DESIGN
(iii) Cluster sampling:
Introduction • If the total area of interest happens to be a big one, a convenient way in which a sample
can be taken is to divide the area into a number of smaller non-overlapping areas and
Census and then to randomly select a number of these smaller areas (usually called clusters), with
Sample Survey
the ultimate sample consisting of all (or samples of) units in these small areas or clusters.
Steps in • Thus in cluster sampling the total population is divided into a number of
Sample Design relatively small subdivisions.
Method of • Also assume that there are 20000 machine parts in the inventory at a given point of
selecting a time, stored in 400 cases of 50 each. Now using a cluster sampling, we would consider
sampling procedure the 400 cases as clusters and examine all the machine parts in each randomly selected
Features of a good case.
Sample Design iv) Area sampling:
Types of • If clusters happen to be some geographic subdivisions, in that case cluster sampling
Sample Design is better known as area sampling.
Steps in
• The plus and minus points of cluster sampling are also applicable to area sampling.
Sample Design
Complex Random
Sample Design

Conclusion

Reference
RESEARCH TECHNIQUES IN
ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING
 SAMPLE DESIGN
v) Multi-stage sampling: Multi-stage sampling is a further development of the
principle of cluster sampling. The working efficiency of nationalized banks in
Introduction India and we want to take a sample of few banks for this purpose.
Census and If instead of taking a census of all banks within the selected districts, we
Sample Survey select certain towns and interview all banks in the chosen towns.
Steps in This would represent a three-stage sampling design.
Sample Design If instead of taking a census of all banks within the selected towns, we
randomly sample banks from each selected town, then it is a case of using a
Method of
selecting a
four-stage sampling plan.
sampling procedure If we select randomly at all stages, we will have what is known as ‘multi-stage
random sampling design’.
Features of a good
Sample Design
Types of
Sample Design
Steps in
Sample Design
Complex Random
Sample Design

Conclusion

Reference
RESEARCH TECHNIQUES IN
ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING
 SAMPLE DESIGN

Complex Random Sampling Designs-

Introduction Probability sampling under restricted sampling techniques- complex
Census and random sampling designs.
Sample Survey Such designs may as well be called ‘mixed sampling designs. such designs may
Steps in
represent a combination of probability and non- probability sampling procedures
Sample Design in selecting a sample.
Features of a good
Sample Design
Types of -There are two advantages of this sampling design viz.,
Sample Design (a) It is easier to administer than most single stage designs mainly because of the
Complex Random fact that sampling frame under multi-stage sampling is developed in partial units.
Sample Design (b)A large number of units can be sampled for a given cost under multistage sampling
Implications of because of sequential clustering.
selecting a
sampling procedure

Conclusion

Reference

RESEARCH TECHNIQUES IN
ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING
 SAMPLE DESIGN

Introduction Researcher must keep in view the two causes of incorrect inferences viz., systematic bias
and sampling error. A systematic bias results from errors in the sampling procedures, and
Census and
it cannot be reduced or eliminated by increasing the sample size. At best the causes
Sample Survey
responsible for these errors can be detected and corrected. Usually a systematic bias is
Steps in the result of one or more of the following factors:
Sample Design
Features of a good 1. Inappropriate sampling frame: If the sampling frame is inappropriate i.e., a biased
Sample Design representation of the universe, it will result in a systematic bias.
Types of
Sample Design 2. Defective measuring device: If the measuring device is constantly in error, it will
Complex Random result in systematic bias. In survey work, systematic bias can result if the questionnaire
Sample Design or the interviewer is biased. Similarly, if the physical measuring device is defective there
will be systematic bias in the data collected through such a measuring device.
Implications of
selecting a
sampling procedure 3. Non-respondents: If we are unable to sample all the individuals initially included in
the sample, there may arise a systematic bias. The reason is that in such a situation the
Conclusion likelihood of establishing contact or receiving a response from an individual is often
correlated with the measure of what is to be estimated.
Reference

RESEARCH TECHNIQUES IN
ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING
 SAMPLE DESIGN

Introduction
Census and 4. Indeterminacy principle: Sometimes we find that individuals act differently when
Sample Survey
kept under observation than what they do when kept in non-observed situations. For
Steps in instance, if workers are aware that somebody is observing them in course of a work study
Sample Design on the basis of which the average length of time to complete a task will be determined
Features of a good and accordingly the quota will be set for piece work, they generally tend to work slowly in
Sample Design comparison to the speed with which they work if kept unobserved. Thus, the
Types of indeterminacy principle may also be a cause of a systematic bias.
Sample Design
Complex Random 5. Natural bias in the reporting of data: Natural bias of respondents in the reporting of
Sample Design data is often the cause of a systematic bias in many inquiries. There is usually a
downward bias in the income data collected by government taxation department,
Implications of
whereas we find an upward bias in the income data collected by some social
selecting a
sampling procedure organization.

Conclusion

Reference

RESEARCH TECHNIQUES IN
ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING
 SAMPLE DESIGN

 From a brief description of the various sample designs presented above, we can
Introduction say that normally one should resort to simple random sampling because under it
Census and
bias is generally eliminated and the sampling error can be estimated. But purposive
Sample Survey sampling is considered more appropriate when the universe happens to be small and
a known characteristic of it is to be studied intensively.
Steps in
There are situations in real life under which sample designs other than simple
Sample Design
random samples may be considered better (say easier to obtain, cheaper or more
Features of a good informative) and as such the same may be used.
Sample Design
In a situation when random sampling is not possible, then we have to use
Types of necessarily a sampling design other than random sampling. At times, several
Sample Design methods of sampling may well be used in the same study.
Complex Random
Sample Design
Implications of
selecting a
sampling procedure

Conclusion

Reference

RESEARCH TECHNIQUES IN
ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING
 SAMPLE DESIGN

Introduction
Census and https://www.slideshare.net/vaisalik/types-of-research
Sample Survey
Steps in Books:
Sample Design
Features of a good Research Methodology – C R KOTHARI & GAURAV GAR
Sample Design
Types of
Sample Design
Complex Random
Sample Design
Implications of
selecting a
sampling procedure

Conclusion

Reference Thank you…

RESEARCH TECHNIQUES IN
ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING