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An Exercise in Functional
Histology
Dr. Hayat
Learning Objectives (LO)
By the end of this lecture you should be able to:
1. describe the structural relationships between the
epithelia and closely associated tissues (glands,
underlying connective tissue (lamina propria “and
muscularis mucosae”) comprising gastrointestinal,
urinary, and respiratory mucosae.
2. discuss, “for the gastrointestinal, urinary, and
respiratory mucosae” how the structure of their
constituent tissues is related to their function.
)LO1(
Respiratory portion.2
where gas exchange takes(
consisting of ,)place
respiratory bronchioles,
.alveolar ducts, and alveoli
)LO1(
lamina(
) propria
Adventitia
Respiratory epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium with Goblet cells . Composed of 6 cell types:
1. Ciliated columnar cells (30%). cells are the most
abundant , with hundreds of long robust cilia(C)on each of their bulging
apical ends which provide a lush cover of cilia on the luminal surface.
2. Goblet cells (30%), Mucus-secreting goblet cells (G)
3.Brush cells (a much less columnar cells with microvilli) (3%),have features of
chemosensory receptors but their physiological significance is highly uncertain.
4. Basal cells (30%). Most of the small rounded cells at the basement
membrane are stem cells & progenitor cells that give rise to other cell type.
5. Small granule cells ,DNES (3-4%). 6. Serous cells (3%).
Intraepithelial
lymphocytes &
dendritic cells are
also present
in respiratory
epithelium.
)LO2(
conducting portion (trachea)
respiratory epithelium
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
The submucosa
contains connective tissue with many blood and lymph vessels and the
submucosal plexus of autonomic nerves
The muscularis Externa
is composed of smooth muscle cells of two sublayers. In the internal
circular; the external longitudinal. In the connective tissue between
the muscle sublayers are blood and lymph vessels, as well as another
autonomic myenteric nerve plexus. autonomic neurons
functioning independently of the central nervous system
The serosa ( or visceral peritoneum)
is a thin layer of loose connective tissue, rich in blood vessels,
lymphatics, and adipose tissue which support the intestines and
. covered by mesothelium
)LO1(
Esophagus
is a muscular tube
whose function is to
transport food from
the mouth to the
stomach. It is lined by
nonkeratinized
stratified
E
squamous
epithelium with
stem cells scattered
L throughout the basal
layer
Type
of
1
cells
2
6
The mucosa of the stomach consists of a simple
columnar epithelium which invaginates forming
gastric pits and glands .Emptying into the gastric
pits are branched, tubular glands“gastric glands”
)LO2(The epithelium covering the surface and lining the pits is a simple
columnar epithelium, the cells of which produce a protective mucus layer
In the fundus and body, the function of
gastric glands are.
1.Stem cells, give rise to all epithelial cells of
the glands
2.Mucous neck cells produce mucus (less
alkaline than that of the surface epithelial
mucous cells) that protects the epithelium
against shear stress, enzymes and acid.
3.Parietal cells produce HCl hydrochloric
acid, Ghrelin and intrinsic factor, which
is needed for absorption of vitamin B12 in
the terminal ileum. Ca ++ absorption.
4.Chief (zymogenic) cells secrete
pepsinogen,& gastric lipase
5.Various enteroendocrine cells, in the
bases of the glands secrete serotonin, G
cells secrete gastrin, D cells secrete
Somatostatin, EnteroChromaffin Like cells
secrete Histamine and other hormones.
)LO1(
)LO1(
villi
urine.
)LO1(
)LO(
Umbrella cells
Q1. In the fundus and body of stomach, the mucosa's lamina propria is filled
with branched, tubular gastric glands, consists of cells. Mention 2 cells type
.and their function
A.
1.Stem cells, give rise to all epithelial cells of the glands
2.Mucous cells produce mucus
3.Parietal cells produce HCl
4.Chief (zymogenic) cells. secrete pepsinogen,
5.Various enteroendocrine cells secrete a variety of hormones