ELLIPTICAL AND

HEMISPHERICAL
HEADS
 HEADS OR COVERS

• It is major Part of Pressure Vessel which closes ends of the cylindrical section or shell of the pressure
vessel is called as Pressure Vessels Heads. There are various common names are used for Pressure
Vessels Heads which are Dish Ends, Formed Heads, End Closure, End Caps, Vessel Ends, Vessel Caps etc.
but most Common name is Dish ends.
• To close either end of the cylindrical shell a cover or a closure is essential. This can be attached to the
shell by a welded or bolted construction. The simplest cover is a flat plate of the same diameter as the
shell. This plate can be firmly secured to the shell by a suitable method and must be capable of
withstanding the working pressure. The more common types of closures are formed to a specific shape
and are generally known as formed heads.
TYPES OF PRESSURE VESSELS HEADS

There are four basic types of pressure vessels heads or Dish ends is most widely used in fabrication of
Pressure Vessels.

1. Flat Heads
2. Elliptical Heads
3. Torispherical Heads or Flange and Dished Heads
4. Hemispherical Heads
FORMED HEADS

a) Plain Formed Head

b) Flared and Dished Head
c) Shallow Dished Head
d) Torispherical Dished Head
e) Ellipsoidal Head
f) Hemispherical Head
g) Conical Head
ELLIPTICAL HEADS

It is a most widely used Pressure Vessel Heads. It has wider Radial section is available for pressure
distribution.it withstand maximum pressure as compared to other heads. So it is most preferred pressure
vessels heads. for same design condition, Dish end Thickness of ellipsoidal heads is approximately equals to
shell thickness so it is most economical heads. Generally most used Ellipsoidal Heads Configuration is as
per 2:1 Ellipsoidal Section.
Thickness of Elliptical Heads is given by,

where, p - internal design pressure

D major axis of ellipse
V – stress intensification factor
f – design or permissible stress at design temperature
J – Joint efficiency
HEMISPHERICAL HEADS
This Head or Dish end is also used in pressure vessels fabrication. It has Maximum Radial Section is
available than the other types of heads. Due to this it has maximum pressure distribution area is available.
So that, for Same Design Condition Hemi Heads Thickness is approximately half of the shell Thickness for
same pressure and Temperature.
So it is most economical Heads than the other types of Heads but it required maximum time of forming.
Commonly used terms in Hemi Heads is Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (R), Dish end Total Height (H)
and Straight Face (SF). Choice of Dish Ends is Depends upon Design Conditions and Their Applicability of
Pressure Vessels Heads.
Thickness of hemispherical head is given by,

where, p – Design pressure

J – Joint efficiency
- Internal diameter
- Outer diameter
P – Internal Pressure
f – design or permissible stress at design temperature
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