Closed Conduit Flow

CEE 332

School of Civil and

Monroe L. Weber-Shirk Environmental Engineering
 Closed Conduit Flow
 Energy equation
 EGL and HGL
 Head loss
major losses
minor losses
 Non circular conduits
 p1 V12 p2 V22
 1  z1  h p  2  z 2  ht  hL
 2g  2g
Conservation of Energy
 Kinetic, potential, and thermal
energy
hp = head supplied by a pump
ht = head given to a turbine
hL = mechanical energy converted to thermal

downstream from cross section 1!

Cross section 2 is ____________
Point to point or control volume? irreversible
V is average velocity, kinetic energy  V 2
Why ? _____________________________________
 Energy Equation Assumptions
 Pressure is _________
hydrostatic in both cross sections
pressure changes are due to elevation only p  h
 section is drawn perpendicular to the streamlines
(otherwise the _______
kinetic energy term is incorrect)
 Constant ________at
density the cross section
 _______
Steady flow

p1 V12 p2 V22
1  z1  h p   2  z 2  ht  hL
 2g  2g
 EGL (or TEL) and HGL
p V2 p
EGL   z HGL   z
 2g γ
pressure elevation
head (w.r.t. velocity head (w.r.t.
reference pressure) head datum)
 The energy grade line must always slope ___________
downward (in
direction of flow) unless energy is added (pump)
 The decrease in total energy represents the head loss or energy
dissipation per unit weight
 EGL and HGL are coincident and lie at the free surface for
water at rest (reservoir)
 If the HGL falls below the point in the system for which it is
plotted, the local pressures are _____
lower ____
than __________ ______
reference pressure
 Energy equation
V2 Energy Grade Line
velocity head  Hydraulic G L
2g

static head p
pressure
Why is static head 
head important?

z elevation
pump
z=0 2 2 datum
p1 V p V
 1 1
 z1  h p  2   2 2
 z 2  ht  hL
 2g  2g
Bernoulli Equation Assumption

 _________
Frictionless (viscosity can’t be a significant
parameter!)
 Along a __________
streamline
 ______
Steady flow
 Constant ________
density
 No pumps, turbines, or head loss
2 Why no 
point velocity
V p
z    const Does direction matter? ____
no
2g 
Useful when head loss is small
 Pipe Flow: Review

 We have the control volume energy

equation for pipe flow.
 We need to be able to predict the
relationship between head loss and flow.
 How do we get this relationship?
__________ _______.
dimensional analysis
2 2
p1 V p2 V
 1  z1  h p 
1
 2  z2  ht  hL
2
 2g  2g
 Flow Profile for Delaware
Aqueduct
Rondout Reservoir
(EL. 256 m) 70.5 km
West Branch Reservoir
(EL. 153.4 m)

p1 V12 p2 V22
 1  z1  H p   2  z2  H t  hl
 2g  2g
Sea Level
(Designed for 39 m3/s)
hl  z1  z2

Need a relationship between flow rate and head loss

 Ratio of Forces

 Create ratios of the various forces

 The magnitude of the ratio will tell us
which forces are most important and which
forces could be ignored
 Which force shall we use to create the
ratios?
 Inertia as our Reference Force
F M
 F=ma F  a 
 f  a f 2 2
LT
 Fluids problems (except for statics) include
a velocity (V), a dimension of flow (l), and
a density ()
 Substitute V, l,  for the dimensions MLT
l
M  l 3
Ll T
V
 Substitute for the2
dimensions of specific
force V
fi  
l
 V2
Dimensionless Parameters fi  
l

r Vl V
Re = fu   2
 Reynolds Number m l
V
Fr = fg   g
 Froude Number gl
V 2 l 
W f  2
 Weber Number  l
r c2
V fE =
 Mach Number M v
l
c ( Dp + r g Dz )
2  p  C  2Drag
 Pressure/Drag CoefficientsC p  2
d
V 2
A
V
 (dependent parameters that we measure experimentally)
 Problem solving approach

1. Identify relevant forces and any other relevant parameters

2. If inertia is a relevant force, than the non dimensional Re,
Fr, W, M, Cp numbers can be used
3. If inertia isn’t relevant than create new non dimensional
force numbers using the relevant forces
4. Create additional non dimensional terms based on
geometry, velocity, or density if there are repeating
parameters
5. If the problem uses different repeating variables then
substitute (for example d instead of V)
6. Write the functional relationship
Pipe Flow: Dimensional Analysis

 What are the important forces?

______,
Inertial ______,________.
viscous pressure Therefore
________number
Reynolds and _______________
Pressure coefficient .
 What are the important geometric
diameter, length, roughness height
parameters? _________________________
Create dimensionless geometric groups
l/
______, /D
______ Other repeating parameters?
 WriteDthe functional relationship
 l   2p
Cp  f Re, ,  Cp 
 D D V 2
  l  
C p  f  , , Re 
Dimensional Analysis D D 

 How will the results of dimensional

analysis guide our experiments to determine
the relationships that govern pipe flow?
 If we hold the other two dimensionless
parameters constant and increase the length
to diameter ratio, how will Cp change?
D    2 p
Cp proportional to l C p  f  , Re  Cp 
l D  V 2
 D  
f   C p   f  , Re  f is friction factor
 l  D 
 Pressure Coefficient and Head
Loss
 hl    p   h 

Cp 
2p  hl  pDimensional
2 ghlAnalysis
Cp  2 More general
V 2 V
Assume horizontal flow

 D 2 ghf D
f   Cp  f 2 Definition of f!
 l  V L

L V2 Always true (laminar or turbulent)

hf  f
D 2g Darcy-Weisbach
Darcy-Weisbach equation
 Friction Factor : Major losses

 Laminar flow
Hagen-Poiseuille
 Turbulent (Smooth, Transition, Rough)
Colebrook Formula
Moody diagram
Swamee-Jain
 Laminar Flow Friction Factor
 D 2 hl
V Hagen-Poiseuille
32  L
32  LV 128LQ
hf  hf 
 gD 2  gD 4

L V2
hf  f Darcy-Weisbach
D 2g

32  LV L V2
2
f
 gD D 2g
64  64
f  -1 on log-log plot
Slope of ___
VD Re
 Turbulent Pipe Flow Head Loss
L V2
 ___________
Proportional to the length of the pipehf  f
D 2g
square of the velocity
 Proportional to the _______
(almost)
 ________
Increases with surface roughness
 Is a function of density and viscosity
 Is __________
independent of pressure
 Smooth, Transition, Rough 2
LV
Turbulent Flow h  f D 2 g f

 Hydraulically smooth 1  Re f 
pipe law (von Karman,  2 log  
f  2.51 
1930)
 Rough pipe law (von 1  3.7 D 
 2 log  
Karman, 1930) f   
 Transition function for
both smooth and rough
1  D 2.51 
pipe laws (Colebrook)  2 log   
f  3.7 Re f 

(used to draw the Moody diagram)

 Moody Diagram
0.1

 D 0.05
f   Cp  0.04
 l  0.03
0.02
friction factor

0.015
0.01

0.008
0.006
0.004
D
laminar
0.002
0.001
0.0008
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0.00005
0.01 smooth

1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07 1E+08

Re
 Swamee-Jain
 1976 0.25
f 2
 limitations    5.74  
 /D < 2 x 10-2 log  3.7 D  Re0.9   no f
  
 Re >3 x 103
 less than 3% deviation
 
ghf   1.78 
from results obtained 5/ 2
with Moody diagram
Q  2.22 D log   
L  3.7 D 3/ 2 ghf 
 easy to program for  D 
 L 
computer or calculator
5.2 0.04
use  4.75

1.25  LQ  9.4  L 
2

ghf L hf
D  0.66     Q   
  ghf   ghf  
L
Each equation has two terms. Why?
 Swamee-Jain gets an f

 The challenge that S-J solved was deriving

explicit equations that are independent of
the unknown parameter.
 3 potential unknowns (flow, head loss, or
diameter): 3 equations for f
 that can then be combined with the Darcy
Weisbach equation
0.25
LV 2
8 LQ2 f 2
hf  f hf  f 2    5.74  
D 2g  g D5  log  3.7 D  Re0.9  
  
 Colebrook Solution for Q

8 LQ 2 1  D 2.51 
hf  f 2  2 log   
 g D5 f  3.7 Re f 

2 2
1 1 8 LQ 1  D 2.51 
  4 log   
f hf  2 g D 5 f  3.7 Re f 
4Q
Re 
D
4Q  2 g D5
Re f  hf 8 hf g
 D 8 LQ 2 f 2 5 
 D LQ 2
1 2 ghf D 3
Re f 
 L
 Colebrook Solution for Q
2
 
 
1 8 LQ 2   2.51 
 4 log 
hf  g D
2 5
 3.7 D 1 2 ghf D 3 
 
  L 
 
 
2 L Q  2.51
 log   
 ghf D 5 / 2  3.7 D 1 2 ghf D 3 
 
  L 

 ghf   L 
Q D5 / 2 log   2.51 3 
2 L  3.7 D 2 ghf D 
 0.04
 5 1/ 4
 Q  Q  
5 1/ 5
1.25  Q   Q 
2 2 2 2

Swamee D? D  0.66  
 g    g       
Q  g   g  
    

8 LQ 2 1/ 5 1/ 5 1/ 25
Q    Q  
1/ 4
5/ 4  Q 
2 2 2
hf  f 2
 g D5 D  0.66         
 g     g 
Q  g  
 
1/ 5
8 Q 2  2  2 1/ 4 2 1/ 5 
1/ 5

D5  f 2  Q  5/ 4  Q   Q  
D           
 g
 8 g     g  Q  g   
 
1/ 5
5 64 Q 2 64  5/ 4  Q 2 
1/ 4
  Q2  
1/ 5
D f 2 f 2      
 8g   
   g  Q  g  

1/ 5
 Q  64 
2 1/ 5 1/ 5
1     5/ 4  Q   Q  
2 2 1/ 4 2
D    f 2 f        
 8 g     4 4    g  


Q  g  
 
 Pipe Roughness
pipe material pipe roughness  (mm)
glass, drawn brass, copper 0.0015
commercial steel or wrought iron 0.045
asphalted cast iron 0.12
galvanized iron 0.15
cast iron 0.26
concrete 0.18-0.6
rivet steel 0.9-9.0
corrugated metal 45
PVC 0.12
 Solution Techniques
find head loss given (D, type of pipe, Q)
0.25 8 LQ 2
4Q f hf  f 2
Re     5.74  
2
5
D  g D
 log  3.7 D  Re0.9  
  
find flow rate given (head, D, L, type of pipe)

 ghf   L 
Q D5 / 2 log   2.51 
2 L  3.7 D 2 ghf D 3 

find pipe size given (head, type of pipe,L, Q)

0.04
  LQ 2

4.75
 L  
5.2
1.25 9.4
D  0.66     Q   
 gh
 f   ghf  
 Exponential Friction Formulas
 Commonly used in commercial and hf =
RLQ n
Dm
industrial settings
 Only applicable over _____
range __
of data
____
collected
 Hazen-Williams exponential friction
formula
 4.727 USC units 1.852
 Cn 10.675 L æQ ö
hf = SI units
R D 4.8704 è C ø
10.675
 n
SI units
 C C = Hazen-Williams coefficient
 Head loss:
Hazen-Williams Coefficient
C Condition
150 PVC
140 Extremely smooth, straight pipes; asbestos cement
130 Very smooth pipes; concrete; new cast iron
120 Wood stave; new welded steel
110 Vitrified clay; new riveted steel
100 Cast iron after years of use
95 Riveted steel after years of use
60-80 Old pipes in bad condition
 1.852
10.675 L  Q 
Hazen-Williams hf   
D 4.8704  C 
SI units
vs
8 LQ 2
hf  f 2
Darcy-Weisbach  g D5

 Both equations are empirical

 Darcy-Weisbach is dimensionally correct,
and ________.
preferred
 Hazen-Williams can be considered valid
only over the range of gathered data.
 Hazen-Williams can’t be extended to other
fluids without further experimentation.
 Head Loss: Minor Losses

 Head loss due to

outlet, inlet, bends, elbows, valves, pipe size
changes
 Flow expansions have high losses
 Kinetic energy decreases across expansion
 Kinetic energy  potential thermal energy
________ and _________
Vehicle drag Hydraulic jump
 Examples – ________________________________
Vena contracta Minor losses!
__________________________________________
 Losses can be minimized by gradual transitions
 Minor Losses

 Most minor losses can not be obtained

analytically, so they must be measured
 Minor losses are often expressed as a loss
coefficient, K, times the velocity head.
High Re
C p = f ( geometry, Re)

2 ghl V2 V2
Cp  hl  C p hl = K
2g 2g
V2
Head Loss due to Sudden Expansion:
Conservation of Energy

1 2

p1 V12 p2 V22
 z1  1  Hp   z2   2  H t  hl
1 2g 2 2g

p1  p2 V22  V12
  hl z1 = z2
 2g

p1  p2 V12  V22
hl   What is p1 - p2?
 2g
 Head Loss due to Sudden Expansion:
Conservation of Momentum

A2
A1
x 1 2

M1  M 2  W  Fp  Fp  Fss Apply in direction of flow

1 2

M 1 x  M 2 x  Fp  Fp
1x 2x
Neglect surface shear
M 1 x   V12 A1 M 2 x  V22 A2 Pressure is applied over all of
section 1.
 V12 A1  V22 A2  p1 A2  p2 A2 Momentum is transferred over
area corresponding to
A1 upstream pipe diameter.
V22  V12 V1 is velocity upstream.
p1  p2 A2
 Divide by (A2 )
 g
Head Loss due to
Sudden Expansion
p1  p2 V12  V22 A1 V2
hl   Mass A  V
Energy
 2g 2 1

A1
V22  V12
Momentum p1  p2 A2

 g
V2
V22  V12
V1 2
V V 2
V22  2V1V2  V12
hl   1 2 hl 
g 2g 2g
2 2

hl 
V1  V2 
2
hl 
V 
1 
1
2
A1 


K  1 
A1 

2g 2g  A2   A2 
 Contraction
EGL

V22
HGL hc  K c
2g

Expansion!!!

V1 V2

vena contracta
 losses are reduced with a gradual contraction
 Entrance Losses
 Losses can be reentrant
K e  1.0
reduced by
accelerating the
V2
flow gradually and K e  0.5 he  K e
2g
eliminating the vena
contracta
K e  0.04
 Head Loss in Valves
 Function of valve type and 2
valve position V
hv  K v
 The complex flow path 2g
through valves often results
in high head loss
 What is the maximum
value that Kv can have?

_____
How can K be greater than 1?
 Questions

EGL
HGL

 What is the head

loss when a pipe V
enters a reservoir?
V2
2g
 Draw the EGL and
HGL  A 
2

K  1  1 
 A2 
 Questions
 Can the Darcy-Weisbach equation and
Moody Diagram be used for fluids other
than water? _____
Yes
What about the Hazen-Williams equation? ___
No
 Does a perfectly smooth pipe have head loss?
Yes
_____
 Is it possible to decrease the head loss in a
pipe by installing a smooth liner? ______
Yes
 p1 V12 p2 V22
 z1  1  Hp   z2   2  H t  hl
1 2g 2 2g
Example
cs1

100 m
valve

D=40 cm
cs
2
D=20 cm
L=1000 m L=500 m
Find the discharge, Q.
What additional information do you need? V22
100m = + hl
Apply energy equation 2g
How could you get a quick estimate? _________________
Use S-J on small pipe
Or spreadsheet solution: find head loss as function of Q.
 Non-Circular Conduits:
Hydraulic Radius Concept
LV2
 A is cross sectional area hf = f
D 2g
 P is wetted perimeter
 Rh is the “Hydraulic Radius” (Area/Perimeter)
 Don’t confuse with radius!
p 2
For a pipe
A 4D D hf = f
L V2
Rh = = = D = 4 Rh 4 Rh 2 g
P pD 4

We can use Moody diagram or Swamee-Jain with D = 4Rh!

 Quiz

 In the rough pipe law region if the flow rate is

doubled (be as specific as possible)
 What happens to the major head loss?
 What happens to the minor head loss?
 Why do contractions have energy loss?
 If you wanted to compare the importance of minor
vs. major losses for a specific pipeline, what
dimensionless terms could you compare?