LITERATURE REVIEW

INTRODUCTION TYPES OF COMERCIAL BUILDING

Commercial buildings are buildings where commercial 1.OFFICE BUILDING
activities take place. Commercial buildings include
Office buildings are a common type of
office buildings, retail space, warehouses and more.
commercial building that can be found in
This differs somewhat from commercial property, which
cities and even towns of any size, depending
also includes multi-family buildings like apartment buildings.
on the needs of the community.
In its broadest sense therefore, commercial property
(or commercial buildings or commercial premises) 2. RESTAURANT
typically refers to property or buildings that accommodates Restaurants are another common type of commercial
activities intended to make a profit. This might include shops building. For buildings that contain just one restaurant
for example. and aren't a multi-use property, the owner may be
the owner of the restaurant or they may lease the building
DATE BUILDING to the restaurant owners

200 BCE FIRST COMERCIAL BUILDING 3.RETAIL

Retail is any type of store or shop, ranging from big box
1901 FIRST LABORATORY FOR AIR CONDITIONING stores that fill an entire warehouse-style building to small
1920 DEPARTMENT STORE AND MOVIE THEATER retailers in a building with other retail businesses
1928 HIGH RISE BUILDING
4. HOTELS
Hotels are another type of commercial building, although
it may seem that they qualify as a residential building
IN THE CONTEXT OF NEPAL
5.WAREHOUSE
• In the past, trade started from agricultural as it was Warehouses are usually a storage hub for another type
of business, such as a logistics and shipping company
the main occupation of Nepalese people. using a warehouse to store their packages as they process
• With time, agricultural trade changed into a trade to and transport them or a retail company keeping stock in a
warehouse until it's needed in a store.
full-fill socio-cultural needs.
6.INDUSTRIAL
• And after that, Newari people ( A.KA)original people created a commercial area known Industrial buildings are actually a broad range of buildings
as market square. including manufacturing facilities, workshop facilities
and even certain types of warehouses are considered industrial.
• As mentioned by the Department of Land Management and Archive, in the Muluki Ain
issued in 1853/54 under the Prime Minister Junga Bahadur Rana, there was provisions
about renting land and related affairs. 7.HEALTHCARE
Healthcare may not seem like a commercial business, but many hospitals and
clinics are commercial enterprises aimed at earning money and serving
customers, which in healthcare are called patients

PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY
KANTIPUR INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
GWARKO, LALITPUR
 PURPOSE OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING REGIONAL CENTRE
 This contains one to four department stores.
 To fullfill all the requirements on the basis of purpose.  Plus 50 to 100 or more satellite shops and facilities all fronting
 To value and consult clients vision and needs. on an internal pedestrain mall, or shopping walkway.
 To house a service , purpose or product.  Parking completely surrounds the buildings group so that all
stores face inward to the mall in their back.
BASIC HISTROY AND TRENDS
RENEWAL PROJECTS ( DOWNTOWN)
 Reconstruction
• A shopping centre is a complex of retail
 The multilevel malls may connect directly or by
stores and related facilities planned
bridges to other shopping facilities, hotels, office
as a unified group to give maximum
building, theatres and parking gargaes.
shopping convience to the costumer.
• In the history of trade, we know that
people used to grow more crops and
sell them to other part.
• During Greek civilization, Trade
flourished more and socio-cultural need
of that time and AGORA emerged as an new architectural structure. 1. THE ECONOMIC SURVEY OR MARKET ANALYSIS
• The agora of the typical city of ancient greece was essentially  Prior to any planning activity and often prior
a shopping centre in the heart of the business district. to acquisition of the land, the market analyst
• The emperor trajan”s architect, the greek slave appolo dorus, built a shopping makes a complete survey of the anticipated trade
Centre adjacent to the roman forum in 110 A.D. area surrounding the proposed site for the center .
• It had a two-level enclosed and ventilated mall lined with open fronted.  The boundaries of the trade area customarily depend
Shops startingly similar to todays mostup to date concept. on acceptable automobile driving time to the center.

TYPES OF CENTERS
NEIGHBOUR CENTER (SUBURBAN)
 It’s a row of stores customarily (but not always) in a strip or line,
parallel the highway and with parking between the line of store
fronts and the highway.
 Ranging from 20,000 to 100,000sq.ft of space.
 This project usually contains a supermarket and a drugstore.
2. THE TEAM
 For a small neighborhood center, such a team might consist solely of the owner and
the architect.
 The architect, market analyst, engineers such like mechanical, structural and site,
the attorney (public relations advisor
3. Site selection
 A site available for development and located within the trade area recommended in
the market analysis.
 Location easily accessible to at least one existing or shortly to be constructed major
highway, preferably to two or more major highways

4. Schematic planning
INTERMEDIATE AND COMMUNITY-SIZE CENTRE
 This also is usually a strip of stores but substantially larger than  A simple schematic solutions which shows buildings sizes and arrangement,
the neighbourhood centre and their back. gross leasable areas, public and mallspace, parking layout, access road,
 2 department stores and 2 levels withfuture 3rd department. method of servicing and other basic aspects of the concept.

PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY
KANTIPUR INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
GWARKO, LALITPUR
 Near market area
Adequate size and SITE
suitable shape SELECTION
N areas.
No legal/ social Sub-surface ground
controversies
PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
 Convenience and comfort of the customer
 Maximum merchandising potential for the
tenant stores.
 Ease of vehicular access to and from the site.
 Simple, Direct pedestrian routes.
 Maximum merchandising potential.
 Smaller stores in route to the bigger stores.
GENERAL DESIGN CRITERIA
COLUMN SPACING : 20, 25 & 30 ft.
CLEAR HEIGHT : 10 - 14 ft
EXTERIOR WALL : Modular design that
suitably accommodate the visual effects of the
store requirements.
TRAFFIC : Proper signal control, reservoir
lanes, divider strips, and other traffic control
features must be provided.
PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY
KANTIPUR INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE
GWARKO,LALITPUR
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
Topography THE MALL MALL AMENITIES
 Principal mall, major pedestrian shopping Trash and ash receptacles, a
street of the project, and access routes
Land cost mandatory aid in preventing litter .
connecting the main mall with the parking
Directories of one sort or another to
 Each mall level should avoid slopes or facilitate finding specific stores .
condition steps within its own walkways.
Seating groups and individual
 The mall can be:
benches for resting.
Properly designed fountains to
avoid water hazards.
Kiosk of various shapes and sizes,
generally less than 250 sq.ft.
OPEN MALL COVERED MALL CLOSED MALL Lockers for storing purpose while
the shopping process is on the run.
 Enclosed malls have been in the form of huge courts ; they have
been wide, narrow, straight, circuitous, empty, or filled with Sculpture, art forms or photo
amenities booths as a design feature.
 Currently widths of 30 to 40 ft are outnumbering widths.
 The length of malls generally should not be more than 800 ft.
 In case of multi storey malls, it is virtually mandatory that each Sturdy enough to resist
level be as important as every other level ; vandalism and requires
 No mall should have dead end on any level without a department minimum maintenance.
store as its terminus. Mall
material Floor material varies from
hardened cement to
terrazzo, tiles, marbles, and
now occasionally
marketing.
Adequate vertical Visual interconnection .
. Transportation. levels through
maximum .Store on the landing use of open Floor of a mall is very
wells . conspicuous and character,
quality, and ease of
maintenance.
NAME: GROUP ‘A’ SUBMITTED TO:
TITLE : LITERATURE REVIEW DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
ROLL.NO: 1, 7, 10, 12, 13 DATE : 2079/05/04
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 RETAIL SHOP
I
 A shop where, retailer purchases
goods in large quantities from
manufacturers, directly or through
a wholesaler, and then sells in
smaller quantities to consumers for
a profit.

 Principle of shop design

o Attracting customers
o Organized store space
o Interior display
o Convenience

 Size : Shop with one customer aisle are usually 12- .

. 15 ft wide by 50-60 ft long.
: Basement heights = 8-9 ft
: Ground floors = 12ft (if no mezzanine)
= 7ft 6inch ( with mezzanines)

• If the shop area > 500 sq.m,

then, width of the door = 1m & •Minimum width of a shop is
width of the corridor = 1.4m. greater than 4m; on average
5m is better.
• If it’s < 500sq.m then, the
width of the door=2m &
width of the corridor = 2m

Large shopping trolley Store layout on 10m*10m

column grid.
PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY
KANTIPUR INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE
GWARKO,LALITPUR
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
NAME: GROUP ‘A’ SUBMITTED TO:
TITLE : LITERATURE REVIEW DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
ROLL.NO: 1, 7, 10, 12, 13 DATE : 2079/05/04
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GIFT SHOP OFFICE PARKING

The problem in designing gift  A room, set of rooms, or building used as a place for RAMP BREAK OVER ANGLES
shops is complicated by the commercial, professional, or bureaucratic work. • It is the measure of ability
variety and number of objects of the car to break over a
which must be displayed. steep ramp, either climbing
 Objects may be arranged or descending, without scraping.
according to material, texture, and color; or • A minimum of 10 degrees is a design standard.
according to function.
 Shelving is required for small objects, such as  ANGLE OF DEPARTURE
glassware, pottery, silver, etc. Sizes range from 8 to • A reasonable minimum
12 and even 20 in, in width. value is necessary to reduce
 A wrapping table = 3 ft 6 in by 5 ft. Layout with a desk and Layout with desk, table and the incidence of tail pipe
 Below counter height, shelf or stock space is often a chair a chair. and rear bumper dragging .
enclosed to protect objects which might be damaged • The standard calls for a minimum of 10 degrees.
by dust or fragile in general.
 ANGLE OF ARRIVAL
BEAUTY ZONE • The standard calls for a
minimum value of 15
The typical small beauty shop has to contain at least degrees.
six to eight booths in order to do enough business to
be successful . Private office layout  RAMP SLOPE
 If manicuring is to be done in booths, 20 % of the • The maximum ramp
shop's total area is devoted to waiting room . slope should be 20%.
 If manicure tables (15 by 30 in ., with 5 ft. between • For slopes over 10%,
tables) have to be placed in waiting space, the 20% a transition at least 8 ft
proportion may have to be enlarged. long should be provided
at each end of the ramp at one half the slope of
the ramp itself .

 DRIVEWAY EXITS
• Transition section of 5% slope
should be 16’ long.
• Wherever an exit driveway is
parallel and adjacent to a property
LAYOUT line wall which extends all the
way a sidewalk, the edge of the
a) 1’ – 1’6” b) 1’ c) 5’, 6’, 7’ d) 3’ driveway should be physically
e) 6’6” – 7’ f) 3’6” – 7’ g) 6’6” – 7’ General office layout established, by curb or railing, at
least 6 ft from that wall.
PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY NAME: GROUP ‘A’ SUBMITTED TO:
KANTIPUR INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE TITLE : LITERATURE REVIEW DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
GWARKO,LALITPUR ROLL.NO: 1, 7, 10, 12, 13 DATE : 2079/05/04
SUBJECT : DESIGN STUDIO - V . KANTIPUR INTERNATIONAL
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NATIONAL CASE STUDY  GROUND FLOOR LAYOUT  FIRST FLOOR LAYOUT

INTRODUCTION E. FIRE VENT-

EVO STORE BASEMARK
EX EQUIP. URINI
IT
 One durbar mall
 Location: Durbarmarg, UP ESCALATOR L
Kathmandu S.L STORE C.L DOWN ESCALATOR
 In between market area.
M B.Tea UP C.L OPEN WELL
 Area : 1-14-1-0 (R-A-D-P) C.L
.T kiosk
: 35,000 sq.ft.
 3 Restaurants, 19+ brands & 8+ clothing retail. DOWN C.L
 Enclosed 6 storey mall with a basement.
 South oriented. F. Stairs OMEGA INGLOT LLADRO
SWARO-
T VSKI
EXTERIOR
GAS SUPPLY
 Construction of
universal beams.
 Display windows.  SECOND FLOOR
 Display TV. • consist of store like Basemark, IMS little
 Mall logo. smiles, cozee and lotus sleep studio.
• Layout is same as first floor.
 Imperfect shape of the site led to beautiful curvilinear
form.  THIRD FLOOR
 Almost 22m in height.
• Consist of MBL bank,Toni & guy hair salon ,
 Emergency exit & Himalayan java barista coffee school.
INTERIOR
 Escalator
 BASEMENT LAYOUT  Gas supply
 FOURTH FLOOR
 Lift
MATSURI TOKYO • 70 % space is occupied by himalayan java
4 LANE  Fire equipment
ROAD café, rest contains IICG (consulting group) &
LI-NING TRANSIT STORE top notch apparels.
WITH
PARKING
DOWN AISLE AND  FIFTH FLOOR
FOOTPATH • is under construction.
UP TO GROUND FLOOR

ATM
LONDON PUB

PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY NAME: GROUP ‘A’ SUBMITTED TO:

KANTIPUR INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE
GWARKO,LALITPUR
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
TITLE : CASE STUDY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
ROLL.NO: 1, 7, 10, 12, 13 DATE : 2079/05/04
SUBJECT : DESIGN STUDIO - V . KANTIPUR INTERNATIONAL
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SPLIT-LEVEL PARKING SYSTEM SAFETY EMERGENCY CORRIDORS
 One section of a garage is offset  FIRE COMPARTMENTS • For customers these must be at least 2m wide.
vertically by half a story from Sales outlet are ought • A width of 1.4m is sufficient if corridors are
the remainder of the building. to be divided into fire intended for sales area less than 500 sq.m.
compartments with
 The length of each floor-to-floor partitioning wall built
straight ramp can then be divided like fire walls.
SOUND INSULATION
into two halves separated from one another in plan
sufficiently to allow a 180' turn on the parking floor . Without sprinkler
With sprinkler  Sounds audible to humans lie between 20Hz- 20k Hz.
This means a minimum distance of 45 ft center-to center system (sq.m) system (sq.m)  As far as construction is concerned, the significant
of the ramp.
Ground floor sales 10,000 5000 range is 100-3200 Hz.
outlet
PARKING LOT  SOUND DAMPING CONSTRUCTION
Other sales outlet 5000 1500
• Facing panel of plastered wood
 An area where cars or other
* If the sales area extend over more than 3 floors and the fiber board.
vehicles may be left total area of the all floors within a fire compartment is • light construction panels 15mm
temporarily; a car park. not more than 3000 sq.m plaster.
• 115 mm pumice concrete
masonry.
 EMERGENCY STAIRWAY • 16mm expanded styro-foam.
• 25mm light wood wool building panels nailed with
large separation between nails.
DIMENSION • 25mm gypsum sand plaster.
ESCAPE ROUTES
 ROOM ACOUSTICS.
DIMENSION  EMERGENCY
Reverberation time
STAIRWAYS • (time taken for the decay of noise level of
60 db after the source is switched off).
2m wide but not more • ranges from (-5) to (-35) Db
than 2.5m • RT= (0.163 * volume of room)/ total
absorption capacity.
EXITS
• Min 2 escape routes (if
Echoes
 Minimum 2 exit doors of width 2m. possible on opposite • Rooms devoted to music should have a
 One exit door will do if the sales area are less than 100 direction).
longer RT but are usually regarded as less
sq.m. • Accessible from a 25m or
critical from the point of view of echoes.
35m distance.

PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY NAME: GROUP ‘A’ SUBMITTED TO:

KANTIPUR INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE
GWARKO,LALITPUR
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
TITLE : LITERATURE REVIEW DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
ROLL.NO: 1, 7, 10, 12, 13 DATE : 2079/05/04
SUBJECT : DESIGN STUDIO - V . KANTIPUR INTERNATIONAL
SCALE : FREE CHKD BY:
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 As an act of preventing
possible fall ,open well has
a rope bed.
 Maximum number of
lights, as wells as fire
detector and CCTV.
 Fifth floor is under
construction.
 material used is truss and
universal beams.
 Normal store is of size
6m * 4m.
 According to the tenants
requirement the space is
made bigger by removing
the partition .
DATA
PROS
 Lavish stores to improve the economic status
of people as well as well as the society.
 Properly designed lighting system, fire safety
and camera placement.
 Wide enough corridors.
 Separate vertical circulation for customer and
staff.
 Provision of emergency exits.
 Properly designed floor levels.
 Placement of fire inducing elements away
from the principle mall.
 Materials used are easy to maintain.

 Extra space = Janitor room, office & server room.

 MAIN ENTRY.  Washroom has a two full
sized mirror, 2 wash
basin, 2 cubicle and one
cupboard.
 Column = 1’ * 1’ CONS
After cladding column = 2’ * 2’
 Width of the store door = 1m  Parking system is absent.
 Width of the lift door = 0.9 m  Entertainment/fun zone is missing as well.
 Store height = 12’  Not enough kiosks .
 Dog legged stairs with 210mm (8”) riser , 320mm  Price of most of the stuff available are on the
(1.5’) tread & 1600mm (5’) stair width. higher spectrum.
 4’ wide corridor  Only up escalator is available.
 11 steps each flight
 Escalator = Headroom (8’)
= Tread (1’)
= Riser (1’)
= width (3’)

 Emergency exit leads to

metal stairs which is also
a path for firefighters.

 Basemark shop under

construction.

PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY NAME: GROUP ‘A’ SUBMITTED TO:

KANTIPUR INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE
GWARKO,LALITPUR
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
TITLE : CASE STUDY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
ROLL.NO: 1, 7, 10, 12, 13 DATE : 2079/05/04
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 KONOHA MALL, JAPAN

INTRODUCTION SITE ORIENTATION

• The new Konoha Mall represents a first of its kind lifestyle • Front façade of the building is clearly seen by city ring road of Fukuoka.
• Site is located in the centre of the Hasimoto district.
‘eco-leisure’ destination that introduces sustainability and
• Surrounded by residential area.
eco-design principles into retail.
• The project concept is rooted in natural elements and offers a
distinct experience for shopping, dining, exploring, reflecting
and wandering.
• This eco-retailing is designed as a new community gathering
place for Hasimoto District.
• Konoha mall is an innovative retail solution that embraces nature and sustainability. Site plan Features
• 120 speciality shops and restaurants.
• A large community market anchor and premier food court.
LOCATION • International brands
• The largest indoor Center Court serves as the community events
plaza during cooler months and design as a festive area with large
skylight to brighten space.
exterior
• Open air garden walk.
Design
• Design comes from organic and transformative
JAPAN power of nature
• Concept of the garden walk is the fundamental
spine overall design- brings nature and sustainable
interior value into the buildings
Location : Hasimoto district, Japan Hasimoto district, Japan
Developers :Fukuoka Jisho
Architect. : The Jerde Partnership
Mall is divided into specific
Total area : 84000sq.m (approx 900,000sq.ft.
Total retail floor area: 2 floor but 3 to 6 are parking garage
zone:
• Retail area
• Parking area
• Gardening area
• Food zone CATCHMENTS AREA
• Multi building block • Surrounded by business class people, professionals etc
• Restaurants and cafes
Plan of konoha mall Exterior design • Middle of the city.

Elevation

PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY
KANTIPUR INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
GWARKO, LALITPUR
PARAMETERS LITERATURE REVIEW NATIONAL CASE NATIONAL CASE REGIONAL CASE INTERNATIONAL
STUDY #1 STUDY #2 STUDY CASE STUDY
THE MALL ONE THE
DURBAR CITY KONOHA DUBAI
MALL CENTER MALL MALL

LOCATION
DURBARMARG, KAMALPOKHARI, JAPAN DUBAI
KATHMANDU, NEPAL KATHMANDU, NEPAL

SURROUNDING -IN BETWEEN MARKET AREA. -IN AMONG THE BUSIEST - OPPOSITE TO RUSSIAN
- IN BOUNDARY OR NEAR TO MARKET AREA. CULTURE CENTER.
THE HIGHWAY - IN FRON OF THE -ON THE SIDE OF THE
INFAMOUS NARAYAN ROAD
HITI DURBAR.
MALL TYPE - OPEN MALL
- COVERED MALL ENCLOSED MALL ENCLOSED MALL OPEN MALL COVERED MALL
- ENCLOSED MALL
AREA
3252 sq.m 9290 sq.m 84000 sq.m 1,124,000 sq.m

CIRCULATION
RECTANGLE WALKWAY CIRCULAR WALKWAY
WITH OPEN WELL WITH ATRIUM.
SYSTEM
-7’ HIGH SPLIT LEVEL
PARKING NO PARKING BASEMENT PARKING.
- CAN ACCOMMODATE
120-140 CARS & 500-700
BIKES.
EXTERIOR WALL -SHOULD SHOW CASE THE -FULL GLASS EXTERIOR -SEMI GLASS EXTERIOR
STAPLE PRODUCTS. - COLORFUL -
- DOOR WIDTH - 1M WIDE DOORS

ELEMENTS -RETAIL SHOP -YES -YES

- RESTAURANTS/FOODCOURT - YES BUT LIMITED - YES (A LOT)
- THEATER - NO -YES
- EMERGENCY EXITS - YES - YES
- SECURITY - YES - YES
- GAME ZONE - NO - YES

PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY NAME: GROUP ‘A’ SUBMITTED TO:

KANTIPUR INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE
GWARKO,LALITPUR
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
TITLE : COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
ROLL.NO: 1, 7, 10, 12, 13 DATE : 2079/05/04
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 PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY
KANTIPUR INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE
GWARKO,LALITPUR
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
NAME: GROUP ‘A’ SUBMITTED TO:
TITLE : LITERATURE REVIEW DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
ROLL.NO: 1, 7, 10, 12, 13 DATE : 2079/05/04
SUBJECT : DESIGN STUDIO - V . KANTIPUR INTERNATIONAL
SCALE : FREE CHKD BY:
COLLEGE