Embedded Systems (15/17CS563)

https://www.slideshare.net/pavi_vinay/unit-1-introembedded-89336336
 Module 1 : Introduction to Embedded Systems

System: A System is a way of working, organizing or doing

one or more tasks according to a fixed plan or set of rules.
In a system all units assemble and work together according
to the plan.

Example : Watch
Parts : Needles, battery, dial and strap
Rules: clockwise, movement of needle
Embedded System: It is a system that has embedded s/w and
Computer h/w which makes it a system dedicated for an
Application or specific part of an application or part of larger
System.
Example :
Automobile Industry : ABS (Anti lock braking system), Airbags, Ignition System.
Banking and Retail : ATM, Currency counters
Computer Peripherals: Printers, Scanners
Computer N/w Devices: Routers, bridges, switches, hubs
Consumer electronics: camera
Home automation: Fire alarms, Intrusion detection
Home appliances: TV, Fridge, Washing Machine, Oven, AC
Healthcare: EEG, ECG
Telecom: Mobiles.
Components of Embedded Systems
 Components of Embedded Systems
Power supply, battery in small devices.
Processor, I/P devices, O/P devices, memory (ROM), serial and parallel ports,
Timers Interrupt Controller.

The s/w embeds in a ROM usually does not need a secondary memory or
CD ROM.
The s/w includes application s/w, RTOS (Real Time Operating System)
 Characteristics of Embedded Systems
Real time and multi rate operations: The ES are all real time in nature. The system
Has to meet the deadline. Multirate operations work at distinct rates Ex: audio,
Video etc.
Complex algorithms

Complex GUI

Dedicated Functions
 Constraints in Embedded Systems
Limited available system memory

Limited available processor speed

Limited power supply ( Battery Operated)

 Processor in Embedded System
Processor has 2 essential units
Control Unit
Execution Unit

An embedded system processor can be one of the following

GPP – General Purpose Processor
ASIP – Application Specific Instruction Processor
Single purpose processor – Graphic processor, FP processor
Multicore processor or multiprocessors
 Microprocessor & Microcontroller
Microprocessors:
A microprocessor is a single VLSI chip that has a CPU and may also have other
units such as cache, FP arithmetic, pipelining.
EX : 80X86, SPARC, ARM, 68HCXXX.
Microcontroller
It is a IC that has processor, memory, I/O ports, Timer, Interrupt Controller,
DMA controller are available.
Microcontroller are best suited for use in ES for real time control applications
with on chip program memory and devices.
Ex: 8051, 8051MX, 68HC11XX, HC12XX etc.
Functional units in a Microcontroller chip
 Embedded H/W units and Devices in a system
1. Power Source
2. Clock Oscillator circuit and clocking units – generates periodically
oscillating electronic signal.
3. System Timers and Real Time Clock – Timer ticks and generates system
interrupts periodically.
4. Reset circuit, Power up reset and watchdog Timer- Watch dog timer is a
timing device that resets the system after a predefined time out.
 Embedded H/W units and Devices in a system
5. Memory
Most systems two types of memory readonly memory (ROM) and random-
access memory (RAM).
An embedded system has ROM unit(s) for storing ROM image and flash to save
nonvolatile data and results
EPROM – Used in place of masked ROM during development phase; UV
Erasable and Electrically programmable by a device programmer
E2ROM – Used during the program run to save non-volatile data and results
(for examples, date and time of a transaction.
Memory Stick ─ a removable flash memory card format.
PROM - Used for small scale manufacturing and for saving once only data.
 Embedded H/W units and Devices in a system
RAM: can be both read and, written In embedded systems, it holds the stack
and temporary variables of the programs, operating system and data.
Cache: Storing copies of instructions and data in advance from external
primary memory and storing results temporarily during processing.
6. I/P, O/P and IO ports
System gets i/p from touch screen, keys in keypad, sensors and transducers
circuits.
Ports: Each port is identified by processor by its memory address called port
address. Ports can be serial or parallel.
In serial communication one bit data line is used and bits are sent serially.
UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) is a popular
communication protocol for serial communication.
In Parallel communication several lines are used and bits are sent in parallel.
 Embedded H/W units and Devices in a system
7. DAC using PWM and an ADC
Automatic control and signal processing app. requires DAC (Digital to Analog
Conversion), ADC (Analog to Digital Conversion) which can be realized using
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation).
8. LCD, LED and touchscreen displays
The system needs the necessary in
9. Keypad/Keyboard – An interfacing circuit and s/w is required to receive i/p
from the keys of keyboard.
10. Pulse Dialler, Modem, Transceiver
11. Interrupt handler – A system provides interrupt handling mechanisms for
executing the ISR in case of interrupts.
System ROM memory embedding the s/w, RTOS, data and vector address
 Embedded S/W
The ES s/w is placed in ROM.

The s/w is called ROM image, as image is a unique sequence and arrangement
of pixels, ES s/w is also unique arrangement of bytes for instruction and data.
Five levels of abstraction from top level to bottom level in the design process
• Requirements
• Specifications
• Architecture
• Components
• System Integration
Requirements
Complete clarity of
• required purpose
• Inputs
• Outputs
• Functioning
• design metrics
• Validation requirements for finally developed systems specifications.
• Consistency in the requirements
Specifications
Clear specifications of
• Customer expectations from the product.
Needs specifications for
• hardware, for example, peripherals, devices processor and memory specification
• data types and processing specifications
Architecture
• Data flow graphs
• Program models
• Software architecture layers
• Hardware architecture
• Interfaces design
• System integration
Hardware Components
• Processor
• ASIP and single purpose processors in the system
• Memory RAM, ROM or internal and external flash or secondary memory
in the system
• Peripherals and devices internal and external to the system
• Ports and buses in the system
• Power source or battery in the system
Automatic Chocolate Vending Machine
An ACVM contains a Coin insertion slot and Keypad to insert the coin
according to the possible denomination like 2, 5 rupees. Then after the coin is
inserted, the system directs each coin to the particular port like port 2 and
port 5. It also contains an LCD unit on the top of the machine to display
menus, text entered into the ACVM and pictograms, welcome, thank and
other messages. Graphic interactions are also available on this machine. The
displays in the ACVM also show the current time and date. The delivery slot
in the ACVM is used to collect the chocolate and coins (if refunded). The
internet connection port is provided so that the owner can know the status
of the ACVM sales from a remote location.
Automatic Chocolate Vending Machine
 Skills required for an embedded system designer
Skills of small scale embedded system designer
• Computer architecture and organization
• Memories
• Memory allocation
• Interfacing memories
• Burning the executable program in PROM or ROM
• DMA
• Ports
• Device driver assembly
• Busses
• Timers
Skills of medium scale embedded system designer
• Tasks or threads and their scheduling by RTOS
• Co-operative and pre-emptive scheduling
• IPC functions
• Use of semaphores, mailboxes, queries, sockets
• Use of RTOS functions
 Skills required for an embedded system designer
Skills of sophisticated embedded system designer
A team is needed to co-design and solve the high level complexities of H/W and S/W design.
Basic knowledge of C/C++, Java, RTOS etc are required.
Important Questions
1. Write the difference between microprocessor and micro controller.
2. Briefly explain the challenges faced by engineers in Embedded System
Designing.
3. How do the classify embedded system and explain the skills required for
an embedded system designer.
4. With neat diagram, explain the systematic process of Automatic
chocolate vending machine.