Year 8 Science

Unit Review
Lesson Overview
• The Golden Rule
• Objectives
• A Little About Me
• Connection Activity
• Getting Organised
• Unit Overview
• Eukaryote and Prokaryote Cells
• Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms
Objectives
1. Distinguish between eukaryotic and prokaryotic
organisms, with respect to the nucleus
2. Distinguish between unicellular and multicellular
organisms
Unit Overview
Multi-cellular Organisms and Body Systems
Unit Overview
Multi-cellular Organisms and Body Systems
1. Cells
a) Parts of a cell
b) Single and multicellular organisms
c) Plant and animal cells
d) Specialised cells

2. Body Systems
a) The digestive system
b) The respiratory system
c) The circulatory system
Eukaryote V Prokaryote Cells
Eukaryote V Prokaryote Cells
• A Eukaryote cell has a distinct nucleus surrounded by
a membrane while a Prokaryote cell does not
Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms
 Unicellular Organisms
• A unicellular organism is an organism that consists of only one cell
• All functions of life take place in this one cell
• Unicellular organisms are not specialised and need to be small
• Examples of unicellular organism
• Bacteria • Amoeba

• Yeast • Paramecium
Multicellular Organisms
• A multicellular organism is an organism that
consists of more than one cell
• Cells tend to have specialised functions
• Cells  Tissues  Organs  Systems
• Due to their specialisation and gathering of cells
multicellular organisms can be very large
Parts of a Cell – Organelles
Organelles
• Cells are the basis building blocks of life
• Cells contain smaller components which allow
them to function
• These smaller components are called
ORGANELLES
Plant and Animal Cell Organelles
Organelle Function
Organelles Function Cell Membrane

• Cell protection
• Maintains inner environment for the
cell
• Allows differential movement in and
out of the cell
Organelles Function Cytosol (Cytoplasm)

• Holds organelles in place

• Provides medium for cellular function
Organelles Function Nucleus

• Controls and regulates cellular activity

• Holds genetic material (DNA)
Organelles Function Nucleolus

• Site of RNA function

Organelles Function Golgi Body

• Package and removal of wastes from

the cell
Organelles Function Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Production and storage of fats (lipids)

within the cell
Organelles Function Ribosomes

• Production of proteins within the cell

Organelles Function Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Production and storage of proteins

within the cell
Organelles Function Ribosomes

• Production of protein
Organelles Function Mitochondria

• Site of energy production in the cell

• ATP
Organelles Function Vacuole

• Waste storage before removal

Organelles Function Lysosomes

• Contains digestive enzymes

• Break down used out cell parts
• Assist in the fighting of antigens
Organelles Function Vacuoles

• Much larger than in animal cells

• Storage of items for the cell
• Assist with water regulation

Plant Cell
Organelles Function Cell Wall

• Provides cell with rigidity to hold its

shape

Plant Cell
Organelles Function Chloroplasts

• Site of photosynthesis – plant food

Plant Cell
Plant and Animal Cells
Plant V Animal Cells
Organelle Plant Animal

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

Lysosomes

Ribosomes

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Cell Membrane

Vacuole Large Small

Cell Wall

Cytoplasm
Plant V Animal Cells
Specialised Cells
Specialised Cells
• Unicellular organisms consist of one cell
• This cell performs ALL life functions
• However, multicellular organisms consist of
cells that perform specific functions
• We call these cells SPECIALISED CELLS
• Specialised cells exist in all multicellular
organisms allowing them to become complex
Specialised Cells
• Specialised cells are designed to carry out a
specific purpose in the body
• This is known as their FUNCTION
• To carry out these specific functions these cells
will often have unique STRUCTURES
Specialised Cells
Cells  Tissues  Organs  Systems
Cells  Tissues  Organs  Systems
Cell
• Basic building block of life
• The simplest level of life which can complete
the LIFE PROCESSES
EXAMPLES:
• Muscle Cell
• Root cell
Cells  Tissues  Organs  Systems
Tissues
• A group of the same cells grouped together
• These cells perform the same function
EXAMPLES:
• Muscle Tissue
• Root cell
Cells  Tissues  Organs  Systems
Organs
• A group of the tissues that are group together
to perform a specific function
EXAMPLES:
• Heart
• Muscle Tissue/Connective Tissue/Nervous
Tissue/Adipose Tissue
Cells  Tissues  Organs  Systems
Systems
• A group of the organs that work together to
perform a specific function for the organism
EXAMPLES:
• Circulatory System
• Heart/Veins/Venules/Arteries/Arterioles/
Capillaries
Digestive System
Pathway of Food
Physical and Chemical Digestion
• DIGESTION is the process by which an organism breaks complex
food molecules into simpler NUTRIENTS which can be used to
continue the life processes
• For Example – Bread to Carbohydrates
• There are two types of digestion:
1. Physical Digestion
2. Chemical Digestion
Physical Digestion
• PHYSICAL DIGESTION refers to the process by which the
organism breaks the food into smaller pieces
• Breaking the food down into smaller pieces increases the surface
area of the food which allows chemicals in the digestive system to
break down the food more effectively
• For Example - Chewing
Chemical Digestion
• CHEMICAL DIGESTION refers to the process by which chemicals
from the digestive system (ENZYMES) break food into simpler
substances
• These enzymes break the chemical bonds in the food to allow them
to become simple nutrients which the body can absorb and be used
to undertake the life processes
• For Example – Steak  Amino Acids (Pepsin)
Digestive System – Parts and Function
Parts of the Digestive System
MOUTH – Teeth and Tongue

• Physical digestion of food by teeth and tongue

• Chemical digestion of food
• Amylase
• Carbohydrates  Simple Sugars
• Saliva added to food to assist with lubrication as it
moves down the digestive tract
• Food becomes a bolus to more easily move down
the digestive tract
Parts of the Digestive System
SALIVARY GLANDS

• Amylase production
• Saliva production
Parts of the Digestive System
PHARYNX

• Common pathway for air and food

• Connects the mouth/nose to the trachea (airway)
and esophagus (food)
Parts of the Digestive System
EPIGLOTTIS

• Flap of skin in the throat which prevents food bolus

from entering the trachea
• This prevents choking
Parts of the Digestive System
ESOPHAGUS

• Carries food and liquid from the mouth to the

stomach
• This is achieved through an involuntary process
called PERISTALSIS
Parts of the Digestive System
STOMACH

• Physical digestion of food by churning

• Chemical digestion of food
• Hydrochloric Acid
• Dissolves all foods
• Pepsin
• Proteins  Amino Acids
• The stomach stops dissolving itself by producing a
mucous layer
• Two round muscles SPHINCTERS stop gastric juices
entering the esophagus and small intestine
Parts of the Digestive System
LIVER

• Produces BILE
• Assists with fat break down
• All newly digested food goes top the liver for
processing
Parts of the Digestive System
GALL BLADDER

• Stores bile
• Released when food enters the small intestine
Parts of the Digestive System
PANCREAS

• Produces ENZYMES (chemicals from our body)

which assist with the break down of food
• Assist with sugar regulation in the body
• Insulin production
Parts of the Digestive System
SMALL INTESTINE

• The small intestine has three distinct areas

• DUODENUM
• Chemical digestion
• Fats  Fatty Acids
• JEJUNUM
• Absorption of food
• Villi and Microvilli
• ILEUM
• Division between small and large
intestine
• Contains specialized cells to guard against
bacteria
• DJ ILEUM
Parts of the Digestive System
LARGE INTESTINE

• Absorbs water, vitamins and minerals from the

digested food
Parts of the Digestive System
RECTUM

• Collects undigested food to be held until it is

expelled from the body
• Stool
• Faeces
Parts of the Digestive System
ANUS

• Holds stool in place until it is ready to be expelled

• Food is held by muscles
• Sphincters
Villi and Microvilli
Classwork
• This section of this Unit will take several lessons
• We will use one deck (THIS ONE!!!)
• As we work through this part of the unit please complete
• Topic 2 – 1.1 Lesson: The Digestive System
• The link is HERE
• We will come back to this worksheet at different times during the
lessons over the next wo weeks
• Good luck!
Villi and Microvilli
• Villi and Microvilli increase the surface area of the small intestine
• Absorption can only take place where the contents of the small
intestine meet its surface
• Increased surface area  increased absorption
• The small intsetsione is only one cell layer thick  less distance to
move
Villi and Microvilli
1. Digested food particles move along the walls of the small intestine
• Villi and microvilli increase the contact
• Increased surface area  Increased absorption
2. The villi and microvilli contain blood vessels (CAPPILARIES) that
are close to the cellular surface (one-layer thick) which take the
digested food around the body
3. The contents of the small intestine has a high concentration of
digested food while the blood in the capillaries has a low
concentration (CONCENTRATION GRADIENT)
4. The movement of food is via a process called DIFFUSION
Villi and Microvilli
Enzymes
Enzymes
• ENZYMES are proteins that speed up the chemical reactions in the
body
• Enzymes are an essential part of the digestive system
• They greatly speed up the rate at which the body breaks down
complex molecules
• Enzymes are designed to bond with only specific molecules
• The place where the enzyme binds with the molecule is called the
ACTIVE SITE
• The molecules to which the enzymes attach are called
SUBSTRATES
Enzymes
• Enzymes can either build up or break down substrates
• The result of these chemical reactions are called PRODUCTS
• Without enzymes the digestive process would take much longer
and we would not be able to gain the nutrients for survival
Enzymes
• Enzymes only function in specific conditions
• Two factors affecting enzyme function are:
1. pH – how acidic or basic
2. Temperature
• When pH or temperature falls outside the effective levels for an
enzyme they cease to function
• When this happens, we say that the enzyme has DENATURED
Enzymes
• These different conditions means that different enzymes will
function more/less effectively in different parts of the digestive tract
• THINK: Consider what the body has evolved in a fashion which has
enzymes working more effectively in different conditions
Respiratory System – Structure and
Function
Respiratory System ORAL AND NASAL CAVITY
Three main functions:
• Humidifies the air
• Makes the air moist
• Warms the Air
• Surface blood vessels warm the
air before it enters the body
• Filters the air
• Small cells with hairs on the
surface beat foreign particles
out of the nose and mouth
• The particles are caught in
mucous
Respiratory System PHARYNX
Joins the nasal and the oral cavities
Also the site where air and food mix
Respiratory System EPIGLOTIS
Prevents food and liquids entering the
Trachea
Respiratory System LARYNX
Also known as the VOICE BOX – contains
the vocal cords which allow humans to
speak
Respiratory System TRACHEA
Also known as the WINDPIPE
• Carries air too and from the lungs
• Cartilage ensures the windpipe
always remains open and provides
protection
• Contains ciliated cells which beat
foreign materials to the nose and
mouth for expulsion
Respiratory System BRONCHI
First branches from the trachea
• One BRONCHUS goes into each lung
Respiratory System BRONCHIOLES
As the BRONCHI travel into each lung
they become smaller – these are called
BRONCIOLES
• There are three types as they get
smaller
• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary
Respiratory System ALVEOLAR SACS
This is where gaseous exchange takes
place
• Each ALVEOLAR SAC contains several
ALVEOLI
• The sacs look like a bunch of
grapes
• Each ALVEOLI is one cell layer
thick and surrounded by
capillaries
• This assists with gaseous
transfer
Respiratory System – Breathing
Breathing In • Diaphragm pulls down
• Intercostal muscles pull out
• Volume of chest cavity increases
• Lower pressure inside chest than
outside
• Air rushes in
Breathing Out • Diaphragm pushes up
• Intercostal muscles pull in
• Volume of chest cavity decreases
• Higher pressure inside chest than
outside
• Air rushes out
Respiratory System – Gaseous Exchange
Gaseous Exchange
• Gas exchange occurs in the ALVEOLI
• This gas exchange is due to DIFFUSION
• Movement from high concentration to low
concentration
Gaseous Exchange
• The ALVEOLI have several adaptations which
support gas exchange
• Walls one cell layer thick
• They have a large surface area
• They are covered in blood vessels
• They are moist is assist the dissolving of the
gases
Gaseous Exchange
Gaseous Exchange into Cells
Gaseous Exchange
• Gases pass into (oxygen) and out of cells as part of
respiration
• Respiration provides our cells with energy
• This occurs in the MITOCHONDRA
• Oxygen + Food  Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
• Gases go into and out of the cells through DIFFUSION
• High  Low
Gaseous Exchange
Circulatory System
Circulatory System VENA CAVA (Superior and
Inferior)
Takes deoxygenated blood from the
body to the heart
• Superior
• Head and upper body
• Inferior
• Lower body
Circulatory System
RIGHT ATRIUM

Accepts deoxygenated blood from the

Vena Cava
Circulatory System
RIGHT VENTRICLE

Pumps blood to the lungs to be

oxygenated
• Heart muscle is not very thick as the
blood only needs to travel a short
distance to the lungs
Circulatory System
PULMONARY ARTERIES

Takes deoxygenated blood from the

heart to the lungs to add oxygen
• The Pulmonary Artery is the only
artery containing deoxygenated
blood
Circulatory System
PULMONARY VEINS

Takes oxygenated blood from the lungs

back to the heart
• The Pulmonary Vein is the only vein
containing oxygenated blood
Circulatory System
LEFT ATRIUM

Accepts oxygenated blood from the

Pulmonary Veins
Circulatory System
LEFT VENTRICLE

Pumps blood to the body to allow the

life processes to occur
• Heart muscle is thicker than on the
right as the blood needs to travel to
the entire body
Circulatory System
AORTA

The bodies main artery

• Carries blood to the body
Circulatory System
HEART VALVES

Prevent blood flow backwards in the

heart as it beats
• This ensures the maximum amount
of blood travels to the right place
Circulatory System – Heart Blood Flow

Vena Cava  Right Atrium 

Right Ventricle  Pulmonary
Artery  Lungs  Pulmonary
Veins  Left Atrium  Left
Ventricle  Aorta
Circulatory System
HEART

Muscle that pumps blood around the

body
• The centre of the circulatory
system
Circulatory System
ARTERIES

Carry blood AWAY from the heart

• Blood in arteries are usually
oxygenated except the
Pulmonary Arteries
• Arteries have thick muscular
walls which help push blood
around the body
• Arteries have their own PULSE
Circulatory System
ARTERIOLES

Smaller blood vessels which carry blood

AWAY from the heart
• Arterioles become smaller as
they move further from the
heart
Circulatory System
CAPPILLARIES

The smallest of all blood vessels

• Only one cell layer thick – assists
with transfer of components
necessary for the life processes
• In very close proximity to cells –
helps with transfer
• Microscopic
Circulatory System
VENUOLES

Smaller blood vessels which carry blood

TOWARD from the heart
• Venuoles become larger as they
move further toward the heart
Circulatory System
VEINS

Carry blood TOWARD the heart

• Blood in arteries are usually
deoxygenated except the
Pulmonary Veins
• Veins have thin walls
• Veins stop blood flow back down
the vessel by containing valves
• Muscles assist with blood flow
in veins
Circulatory System
Circulatory System – Blood
• Blood carries the components necessary for the life process
around the body so they can reach the cells to be used to
sustain the organism
• Blood also carries wastes away from the cells to be expelled
• Blood contains
• Red Blood Cells
• White Blood Cells
• Platelets
• Plasma
Circulatory System and other systems
• The circulatory interacts with the other body systems which
we have considered
• Digestive System
• Takes nutrients from the small intestine to the cells
• Respiratory System
• Allows for the oxygenation and deoxygenation of
blood
Circulatory System and other systems
Lesson End