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AC MOTORS
An AC motors converts AC electrical energy into mechanical energy,
producing a mechanical rotary action that performs some type of
work.
Because alternating current is the standard power generated and
distributed, AC motors are the most common type of motor used in
commercial and industrial applications.
Huge AC motor used the three-phase electricity to provide the
mechanical power for many types of production machinery, for
example pumps, cranes, and paper machines.
Single-phase AC motor typically produces less horsepower than
three-phase motors. There are used to drive air conditioners,
washing machines, ovens, clock and fans.
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FUNDAMENTAL OPERATION
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(cont) Fundamental operation
i. Alternating Field
One revolution of an AC motor with one cycle of AC power applied
00
(a)
(b) 90 0
180 0
(c)
270 0
(d)
3600
(e)
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At time T0 , no field is developed
between the stator poles because there
is no current.
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ii. Rotary Field
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(cont) Fundamental operation
ii. Rotary Field
A rotating magnetic field of a stator
As the field pole
revolve, they attract
the opposite poles
of the rotor.
The rotor turns by
following the
rotating field.
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CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION
i. Stator Construction
ii. Rotor Construction
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Two-phase:
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At time T0 , Phase 1 produces a maximum vertical magnetic field, while
Phase 2 produces no horizontal field. The rotor aligns itself vertically with
the two energized field poles.
At time T1 , equal amounts of current flow through both vertical and
horizontal windings. A resultant flux develops between adjacent poles which
causes the rotor to turn 45 degrees CCW.
At time T2, no current flows through the vertical windings, while the
maximum current flows through the horizontal coils. The rotor turns another
45 degrees CCW and aligns itself between the horizontal poles.
At time T3, current flow reduces through the horizontal windings. Meanwhile,
the current flow through the vertical coils reverses direction. The resultant
flux causes the rotor to turn another 45 degrees CCW.
Between time periods T4 and T8 , the process continues and the rotor turns
as it follows the rotating stator field. After the 360 degrees rotation is
completed, the next revolution will begin in the same direction.
The rate at which the magnetic field in the stator rotates is called the
synchronous speed.
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(cont.) Construction and Operation
CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION
i. Stator Construction
ii. Rotor Construction
Three-phase:
Consists of three alternating currents of equal frequency and amplitude, but
each differing in phase from the others by one-third of a period.
The three-phase current reaches maximum values at different times.
Each phase supplies one of the three separate pairs of coils wound around
stator poles.
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During time period T1 . Because Phase A has the greatest amplitude, the
greatest concentration of magnetic flux lines is between stator poles A1 and
A2.
During time period T2 , Phase C has the greatest magnitude, causing the
field to shift from poles A1 and A2 to poles C1 and C2.
During time period T3 , Phase B has the largest amplitude, and the field
shifts another 60 degrees between poles B1 and B2.
During time period T4, Phase A has the greatest amplitude, but current flow
is in the opposite direction. The field develops between poles A1 and A2, but
at the opposite polarity.
During time period T5 , the field develops between poles C1 and C2, but in
the opposite direction.
During time period T6 , Phase B has the greatest amplitude and causes the
stator field to rotate another 60 degrees between poles B1 and B2, but in
the opposite direction.
The changes in amplitude and direction of the current flow always occur in
the same order, and at the same time interval, to create the rotating field.
The direction of field rotation can be changed by reversing any two of the
three-phase lines connected to the coils.
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(cont.) Construction and Operation
CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION
i. Stator Construction
ii. Rotor Construction
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(cont.) Construction and Operation
A squirrel cage
induction rotor
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(cont.) Construction and Operation
CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION
i. Stator Construction
ii. Rotor Construction
Wound Rotors
A major difference between the wound rotor motor and the
squirrel cage rotor is the conductors of the wound rotor consist
of wound coils instead of bars.
The current that flows through the rotor is either induced by the
rotating stator field or is provided by an external DC power
source.
Each winding terminates at slip rings that are mounted on the
shaft of the motor.
The current are carried by brushes that ride on the slip rings to
an external connection. The brushes connect either to a DC
power source or to an external resistor banks (if the current are
induced).
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Increasing the resistance of the rotor windings causes
less current flow in the rotor windings, decreasing speed.
Decreasing the resistance allows more current flow, speeding
the motor up.
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PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
SPEED
The instant power is applied to the motor, current flows through the
stator coils and the stator’s magnetic field begins to revolve around
at synchronous speed.
The formula for determining the synchronous sped of the stator
field is:
f x 120
N
where N = RPM P
P = numbers of poles
f = applied frequency
The higher the frequency, the faster the motor runs. The more
poles a motor has, the slower it runs. The minimum number of
poles possible in an AC motor is two.
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PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
SLIP
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THREE-PHASE MOTOR
Most of the motors used in industry operate directly on three-
phase power.
Advantage of three-phase motor over single-phase motor
Simpler in construction
More powerful machine can be built into a smaller frame
(maximum torque occurs once every 60 degrees during a
revolution instead of once every 180 degrees.
Three-type of three phase motor
1. Squirrel cage Induction motor
2. Wound-rotor Induction motor
3. Synchronous motor
All three motor use the same basic design of stator winding, but
differ in the type of rotor used.
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Three Phase Motor
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Three Phase Motor
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Three Phase Motor
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Three Phase Motor
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Three Phase Motor
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Three Phase Motor
START-UP
During the start up, the external resistance is set to maximum
value and it will limiting the amount of rotor current.
The resistance of the external resistor is gradually reduced as
the motor speeds up, either manually or automatically. Once the
motor reaches operating speed, the external resistance reduced
to zero and each rotor is short circuited.
Wound-rotor motor develops a starting torque of 150 percent of
full load torque with a starting current of 150 percent of full-load
current.
Beside that, it also causes the rotor to produce a maximum
torque during acceleration range.
Since the maximum torque can be maintained throughout the
acceleration period, the wound rotor is desirable when starting
high inertia loads
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Three Phase Motor
SPEED CONTROL
Even though squirrel cage induction motor has excellent speed
regulation, it speed cannot be varied without complex electronic
devices called ac drives.
Wound-rotor motor also have excellent speed regulation, along with
superior speed control abilities.
The speed cannot be made faster than synchronous speed, but can
be slowed-down by as much as 50 to 70 percent. The greater the
resistance inserted into the rotor circuit, the slower it will run.
When the resistance of a wound-rotor motor’s external resistance is
increased the current flow in the rotor coil decreased.
When the external resistance is decreased, rotor current flow is
increased.
As the current flow in the rotor decreases, the associated magnetic
field is weakened (or decreased), causing the speed of the motor to
decrease. Therefore, as rotor resistance is increased, motor speed
decreases.
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Three Phase Motor
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Three Phase Motor
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Three Phase Motor
Synchronous Motor
It gets its name from the term synchronous speed.
What is synchronous speed?? As mention in the
previous part in AC motor basic principle.
Unlike induction motors which have to run at less
than their synchronous speed, synchronous motor
rotors turn at the same RPM as the stator’s magnetic
field.
The stator windings are excited with a three-phase
voltage to establish a rotating magnetic field.
There are two different rotor circuits:
A set of squirrel cage as used by induction motor. Called as
damper or amortisseur windings. The windings are locked at
the outer of the pole core on the pole face.
The circuit that wound on laminated core bodies called as
salient pole. 35
Three Phase Motor
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Three Phase Motor
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Three Phase Motor
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Three Phase Motor
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Three Phase Motor
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Three Phase Motor
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Three Phase Motor
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Three Phase Motor
Synchronous speed
120 x f
Ns
P
Slip
Synchronous Speed Rotor Speed
slip (%)
Synchronous Speed
Ns Nr
s
Ns
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Three Phase Motor
Rotor frequency
fr s x fs fr = rotor frequency
fs= stator frequency
Mechanical Power
Pmech T x T = torque
T x Ns ω = rotational speed
Pmech
9.55
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Efficiency
Pmech
x 100
Pe
45