ECOLOGY OF LIFE

People and Earth Ecosystem

 It is a branch of science, including human
science, population, community, ecosystem and
What is biosphere.
Ecology? It is the study of organisms, the environment and
how the organisms interact with each other and
their environment. 

2 SY 2021- 2022 Advanced Biology

 It studied at various levels, such as organism,
population, community, biosphere and ecosystem.
What is
It is the study of organisms and how they interact
Ecology?
with the environment around them.
An ecologist studies the relationship between living
things and their habitats. 

3 SY 2021- 2022 Advanced Biology

 1. Biotic Component
These are living factors of an
ecosystem.
Examples: bacteria,  animals,
birds,  fungi, plants, predator
species, food abundance,
competing organisms, microbes,
pollinators, parasites

Concept of
Ecology 2. Abiotic Component

4 SY 2021- 2022 Add a footer

 1. Biotic Component
These are living factors of an
ecosystem.
Examples: bacteria,  animals,
birds,  fungi, plants, predator
species, food abundance,
competing organisms, microbes,
pollinators, parasites

Concept of
Ecology 2. Abiotic Component
These are non-living chemical
and physical factors of an
ecosystem. These components
could be acquired from the
atmosphere, lithosphere and
hydrosphere. Examples: sunlight,
soil, air, moisture minerals, water
availability, Air temperature.

5 SY 2021- 2022 Add a footer

 TYPES OF ECOLOGY

Global Ecology Landscape Ecology Ecosystem Ecology

Community Ecology Population Ecology Organismal Ecology

6 SY 2021- 2022 Advance Biology

 What is Global What is Landscape
Ecology? Ecology?
It is the study of the interactions among the It deals with the exchange of
Earth's ecosystems, land, atmosphere and energy, materials, organisms
oceans. and other products of
ecosystems. Landscape ecology
It deals with interactions among earth’s throws light on the role of
ecosystems, land, atmosphere and oceans. It human impacts on the
helps to understand the large-scale landscape structures and
interactions and their influence on the functions.
planet.

7 SY 2021- 2022 Advance Biology

 What is Ecosystem What is Community
Ecology? Ecology?
It deals with how community
It deals with the entire ecosystem, including structure is modified by
the study of living and non-living interactions among living
components and their relationship with the organisms. It is made up of two
environment. This science researches how or more populations of
ecosystems work, their interactions, etc. different species living in a
particular geographic area.

8 SY 2021- 2022 Advance Biology

 What is Population
Ecology?
It deals with factors that alter and
impact the genetic composition and
the size of the population of
organisms. Ecologists are interested in
fluctuations in the size of a
population, the growth of a
population and any other interactions
with the population.
9 SY 2021- 2022 Advance Biology
What is Organismal
Ecology?
It is the study of an individual
organism’s behavior, morphology,
physiology, etc. in response to
environmental challenges. It looks at
how individual organisms interact
with biotic and abiotic components.
Ecologists research how organisms are
adapted to these non-living and living
components of their surroundings.
 What is Molecular What are the
Ecology? importance of Ecology?

The study of ecology focuses on the

production of proteins and how these 1. It helps in an environmental
proteins affect the organisms and their conservation
environment. This happens at the 2. Ensures proper resource
molecular level. allocation
DNA forms the proteins that interact
3. Enhances energy conservation
with each other and the environment.
These interactions give rise to some 4. Promotes eco- friendliness
complex organisms.
5. Aids in disease and pest control

10 SY 2021- 2022 Advance Biology

 What are the examples
of ecology?

1. Food Web
a system of connected food chains that
encompasses all food production and
predator-prey interactions in an
ecosystem

11 SY 2021- 2022 Advance Biology

 What are the examples
of ecology?

2. Symbiotic relationships 
Long-term interactions between
organisms of two different species that
usually benefit at least one of the
organisms involved.

12 SY 2021- 2022 Advance Biology

 What are the Classifications of Symbiotic
Relationship?

A. Mutualism: Relationships with

both are benefited

This relationships where both

species benefit from the association

13 SY 2021- 2022 Advance Biology

 What are the Classifications of Symbiotic
Relationship?

C. Commensalism: One Organism D. Parasitism: One Benefits, the Other

Benefits, the Other Is Unharmed May or May Not Suffer

one species receives all the benefit a living entity makes a home in or atop
from its relationship with the other, a host entity. 
but the other receives no benefit or
harm.

14 SY 2021- 2022 Advance Biology

 What are the Classifications of Symbiotic
Relationship?

E. Predation: A Type of Symbiotic F. Competition: Where One or Both

Relationship Inhibit the Population of the Other

It exists between a predator and its occurs when two or more species
prey. depend on the same limited resource
in an environment.

15 SY 2021- 2022 Advance Biology

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 Guide Questions:
1. What is photosynthesis?
2. Where does photosynthesis occur?
3. What are the raw materials needed for it to occur?
4. What are the stages of photosynthesis?
5. What are the products produced after Light Dependent
Reaction?
6. What is the starting molecule of the Calvin cycle?
7. What are the end products of Calvin cycle?

17 03/30/2023 Add a footer

 Global Significance of Photosynthesis
1.It creates oxygen which is essential in
cellular respiration and creation of the
ozone layer.
2.It provides energy to most organisms in the
ecosystem.
3.It provides the carbon needed for organic
molecules through carbon fixation.
18 03/30/2023 Add a footer
ASSESSMENT
TIME
20 03/30/2023 Add a footer
PRIMARY
PRODUCTION
 Primary Production
•The process of producing a
new organic matter by
plants and other
autotrophs
22 03/30/2023 Add a footer
 Population
and
Communities
Population Ecology
 branch of ecology
which deals with the
study of individuals
of the same specie
and the related
processes.
 Levels of Biological Organization
•Ecologists study
organisms and their
environments at
different levels of
organization.
•Biosphere: consists of
all organisms on
Earth
•Biome: group of ecosystems
that have the same climate and
dominant communities.

•Ecosystem: consists of living

things and their environment.
•Community:
consists of
populations of
different species
that live in the
same area and
interact together.
Population: organisms
of the same species that
live in the same area,
interact with one
another, and produce
fertile offspring.
 Types of Population
1.Monospecific Population – refers to
individuals of one specie
2.Polyspecific Population –
Individuals of more than one species
29 03/30/2023 Add a footer
 Demography
•Study of vital statistics of
population and how they
change over time.
Ex. Death rates, birth rates
30 03/30/2023 Add a footer
 Importance of Demography
1.Ecologists can predict how population
can change.
2.Helps ecologists manage populations.
Ex. Conservation is effective in helping
endangered species increase in numbers.
Characteristics
of Population
 1. Population Size and Density
Population Size – refers to the number of
individuals in the population

Population Density – refer to the number of

individuals per area. Helps in identifying
endangered/rare species. Low density is an
indication of high probability of extinction.
A.Crude Density – number of
biomass per unit total space
B.Specific Density – number of
biomass per unit habitat space
that can actually be used by the
population
 Migration
A. Immigration – decrease in
population due to transfer of
organism from one area to
another
 Migration
B. Emigration – increase in
number of individuals due to
influx of species from another
area.
 Carrying Capacity
The number of individuals of
one specie that the ecosystem
can support.
 Carrying Capacity
When a population reaches the
maximum carrying capacity,
some organisms must either
die off or find new resources.
•Larger populations may be more
stable than smaller populations
because they are likely to have
greater genetic variability and
thus more potential to adapt to
changes in the environment
through natural selection.
•A member of a low-density
population might have
more trouble finding a mate
to reproduce with an
individual in a high-density
population
2. Birth Rate (Natality)
•Refers to the number of
offspring produced per female
per unit of time
 Birth Rate (Natality)
A.Maximum Natality
– absolute / potential/ physiological natality
– refers to the maximum production of new
individuals under ideal conditions
B. Ecological Natality
– fertility rate
– the increase in population under and actual,
existing specific condition
3. Death Rate (Mortality)
•Refers to the number of
deaths occurring in a given
period
 Death Rate (Mortality)
A.Minimum Mortality
–it is the theoretical minimum loss under ideal
conditions. It is constant for a population.

B. Ecological Mortality
– the loss if individuals under a given environmental
conditions. It is not constant but varies with time.
 4. Dispersion
•Refers to the way individuals
are spaced within the area.
5. Age Structure/ Distribution
•Number of individuals per age
group
•The ratio of different age groups
determines the current reproductive
status of the population
Age Structure/ Distribution
A. Pre-reproductive Stage
B. Reproductive Stage
C. Post-reproductive Stage
Age Structure/ Distribution
A. Broad – based Pyramid
B. Bell – shaped Polygon
C. Urn – shaped Pyramid
Age Structure/ Distribution
A. Broad – based Pyramid
birth rate of young people is
high and growth is rapid and it
may be exponential
 Age Structure/ Distribution
B. Bell – shaped Polygon
There is a moderate proportion of
young and old.
Pre-productive age and reproductive
age are both greater than post
reproductive age.
Age Structure/ Distribution
C. Urn – Shaped Pyramid
Birth rate and reproductive stage
decreases and it is deemed as dying –
off (aging) population
 6. Sex Ratio
•Refers to the proportion of
males to females.
7. Species Distribution
•Refers to the way individuals
are spaced within the area at a
given time.
 Species Distribution
A. Uniform Dispersion
Individuals of a population is
distributed evenly
Ex. Allelopathy
 Species Distribution
B. Random Dispersion
Individuals of a population is
distributed randomly
Ex. Dandelions, Sycamore
 Species Distribution
C. Clumped Dispersion
Individuals of a population are
clustered in groups
Ex. Oak Trees, School of Fish
8. Population Fluctuation
The change in number, density,
size, dispersion and age
distribution of a population in
response to changes in
environmental conditions.
 Population Fluctuation
A. Stable/ Nonfluctuating
Fluctuations – population size
fluctuates slightly above or below
the carrying capacity due to fairly
constant environmental conditions.
Population Fluctuation
B. Cyclic Fluctuations – occurs
over a regular period of time
(seasonal, annual)
Population Fluctuation
C. Irregular Fluctuations –
occurs when species reproduce
rapidly with no apparent
recurring pattern.
Population Fluctuation
D. Irruptive Fluctuations – increase
in population is normally stable
but can sometimes increase to
peak and drops back to
normal/stable level.
 INTERACTIONS IN THE ECOSYSTEM
Ammensalism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism/Antagonism
Competition
Predation
62
63 03/30/2023 Add a footer
 Species
Diversity
and Stability
 Species Diversity
•The number of species and
abundance of each species
that live in a particular
location
 Species Diversity
1. Species Richness – the
number of different species
present in an ecosystem.
 Species Diversity
2. Species Evenness – the
relative abundance of each of
the species
 Is it possible to have
high specie richness
but low specie
evenness or vice versa?
 Importance of
Species Diversity
1. Each specie has their
role in the ecosystem.
Ex. Producers, pollinators,
consumers decomposers, etc
 2. Species diversity
contributes to ecosystem
health.
They provide us clean water and
air, fertile soil, medicinal
resources, climate stability and
many more
3. Without species diversity,
the ecosystem will unravel.
 Maintaining Stability in
Ecosystem
Some species have unique roles in
the maintenance of order and
balance in the ecosystem, hence,
they must be protected.
 1. Apex Predators
Species that acts as the top
predator specie in the
ecosystem
Ex. Wolves, lions, tigers
 2. Ecosystem Engineer
Species that creates of modifies
habitat for other species
Ex. Beavers, woodpeckers
Ecological Succession
The structured, predictable
replacement of one group of
species by another group over
time.
 1. Primary Succession
Occurs on surface that are
initially devoid of soil
Usually begins with a
catastrophic event that wipes
out an entire ecosystem
 2. Secondary Succession
Occurs on areas that have been
disturbed but have not lost their
soil.
79 03/30/2023 Add a footer
 Humankind
and the
Environment
 Evolution
•Population sizes were small and has less
impacts on the ecosystem .
•Due to the advancement of the stone tool
technology, humans population sizes
arouse and their needs also grew leading
to measurable and lasting changes in the
environment
 Evolution
•Fossils from 200,000 ago shows
that pre – historic humans
altered local habitat s and caused
extinction of plants and animals
which continued up to the
current century.
 Evolution
•These actions resulted to
climate disruptions,
extinctions, loss of
ecosystems, and pollution.
 Evolution
•Technological advancements
has improved the quality of
life but have amplified the
negative impacts on the
environment
 Evolution
•Impacts does not necessarily
mean negative but can also be
positive
Human Impacts
on the
Environment
 A. Sociological and Economic Impacts
1. Increased output and consumption
leads to:
a. increased consumption of non-renewable
resources,
b. higher levels of pollution,
c. global warming
d. potential loss of environmental habitat
88 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 A. Sociological and Economic Impacts
Indicators:
a. Decline in forests (for agricultural
purposes/ demand for wood)
b. Decline in sources of oil/coal/gas
c. Loss of fishing stocks due to overfishing
d. Loss of species diversity due to
extinction
89 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 A. Sociological and Economic Impacts
2. With rising incomes, individuals have
greater ability to:
a. devote resources to protect the
environment;
b. mitigate the harmful effects of pollution;
c. enable higher output with less pollution.
90 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 A. Sociological and Economic Impacts
Indicators:
a. DOST promotes eco-friendly
inventions
b. Introduction of aqua phonic gardens
c. Formulation of policies such as the
Clean Air Act
91 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 1. External costs of economic
growth
1. Pollution
– high production of toxic gasses
due to burning of fossil fuels which
can lead to health issues and poor
air quality.
92 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 ̶ Sewage systems directed at
bodies of water endangers
marine life and unsafe water
sources.

93 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem

 ̶ Improper disposal of wastes
among land areas pollutes the
land which can lead to poor
plant growth and species
poisoning
94 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 External costs of economic growth
2.Damage to nature
– air, land and water pollution
causes health problems and
damages the productivity.

95 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem

 External costs of economic growth
3. Global warming and volatile
weather
– leads to rising sea levels and
volatile weather patterns causes
significant economic costs.
96 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 External costs of economic growth
4. Soil Erosion
– deforestation due to economic
development damages the soil and
makes areas prone to drought.

97 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem

 External costs of economic growth
5. Loss of biodiversity
– economic growth leads to
resource depletion and loss of
biodiversity.

98 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem

 External costs of economic growth
6. Long – term toxins
– non-biodegradable materials
causes toxins

99 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem

 2. Agricultural Sector
1. Animal Domestication
- Due to flourishing of agriculture,
people started domesticating animals
which then became their source of
meat, milk, wool and companionship
for work.
100 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 2. Agricultural Sector
1. Animal Domestication
- Due to domestication, forests were
turned into grasslands which resulted
to soil erosion and large demand of
water.

101 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem

 2. Agricultural Sector
2. Green Revolution
- Due to increase in population,
demand for food also increased leading
to the development of new farming
techniques to increase crop yield.

102 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem

 2. Agricultural Sector
2. Green Revolution
- machines, irrigations, fertilizers and
pesticides were introduced to sustain
crops and multiply productions that
replaced the use of animals.

103 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem

 2. Agricultural Sector
2. Green Revolution
- Though this project greatly helped in
agricultural yields, it also resulted to
depletion of water supply, water and
soil pollution due to the use of
pesticide and fertilizers.
104 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 2. Agricultural Sector
Deforestation, Land Loss and Soil
Erosion
- Forests have been converted into
agricultural lands which resulted to
imbalance and displacement of
organisms and frequent soil erosion.
105 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 3. Energy Sector
- Many countries are now shifting to
use of renewable resources such as
solar, wind, geothermal and
hydropower plants as source of energy.

106 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem

 3. Energy Sector
-however, many countries are still relying on
non-renewable resources as energy source
which then leads to global warming and
climate change.
-Ex. Use of petroleum gas emits harmful
gases and sometimes results to oil spill.

107 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem

 4. Transport Sector

-The greatest contributor to global

warming is transport since it burns
most of the world’s petroleum.

108 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem

 4. Transport Sector
-Due to this there has been a
proposition for the transition of air
and road to rail and human
powered transport and increase
transport electrification and
energy efficiency
109 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 B. Technological Impact
-Technological developments has
revolutionized the way we live, at
the same time leading us further
into the depths of catastrophe in
the form of climate change and
resource scarcity.
110 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 B. Technological Impact
1. Pollution – toxic wastes from
factories has been released into
the atmosphere, bodies of water
and vacant lots causing negative
effects to our health and to the
environment as well
111 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 B. Technological Impact
2. Depletion of Natural Resources
- consumption of resources faster
than it can be replenished (i.e.
deforestation) resulting to loss of
habitat and extinction of species
112 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 B. Technological Impact
3. Renewable Energy
-modern environmental
technologies require/make use of
natural sources of energy.
-Solar panels, wind and water
113
turbines, geothermal plants
03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 B. Technological Impact
4. Smart Technology
Use of Internet of Things (IoT) to
remotely monitor, program and
respond to the needs of the users.
Ex. Smart thermostat
114 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 B. Technological Impact
4. Smart Technology
Social media can be a tool to
raise awareness of global issues
and worldwide virtual
laboratories where researchers
can remotely share information
115 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 B. Technological Impact
4. Smart Technology
Travels are reduced as
communications/meetings can be
held virtually

116 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem

 B. Technological Impact
5. Electric Vehicles
Use of electric cars reduces the
consumption of petrol and
there is no carbon emissions
that leads to the greenhouse
effect.
117 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 B. Technological Impact
6. Direct Air Capture
- The process of capturing carbon dioxide
from the air and generating a
concentrated stream of CO2 for
utilization. The air is then pushed through
a filter by many large fans whereby CO2 is
removed
118 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
119 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
120 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 C. Political Impact
- The global ecological footprint
of humanity is a measure of the
amount of nature it takes to
sustain a given population over
the course of a year.
121 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 C. Political Impact
- Due to increasing environmental
degradation (dying of forests due to
acid rain) and environmental
disasters (Chernobyl nuclear
reactor), environmental awareness
has risen among populations and
governments.
122 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 C. Political Impact
- Governments have
implemented environmental
protection policies and
regulations and the commitment
to principles of sustainable
development .
123 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 C. Political Impact
- Though great efforts are made
for the environment, it cannot
be denied that priority will
always be economic growth over
environmental protection.
124 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 C. Political Impact
- Due to lack of policies and
implementation of laws, the
environment keeps on suffering
with more wildlife being
endangered and we suffer the
adverse effect of climate change.
125 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 NATURAL
CALAMITIES
 Philippine
Disaster
Profile
127 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 • The Philippines is within the
Pacific Ring of Fire making it is
prone to earthquakes.
• The archipelago is also located at
the tropical region between the
tropic of cancer and the equator
which is also known as the
Intertropical Convergence Zone.
As a result we experience a lot of
thunderstorms in certain months
of the year.
128 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 • In 2013, the Philippine government has spent 53
billion pesos for the rehabilitation and recovery,
disaster prevention and mitigation, disaster
preparedness, and disaster response.
• In 2015, the country has ranked third as the country
with most disasters following China and United
States. This is because the country lacks coping and
adaptive capacities.
• In 2019, the government secured financial protection
from the World Bank that would cover the cost of
risks from an earthquake and tropical cyclones events
129 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 Disaster
- These are serious disruptions on the functioning of
a community or a society involving widespread
human, material, economic or environmental
losses and impacts, which exceed the ability of the
affected community or society to cope using its
own resources
- The damage was so great that outside assistance
is required to cope with the damage.
130 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 Why is its impact increasing?
1. Due to increasing population
2. Due to climate change
3. Increased vulnerability due to
demographic changes, increased
concentration of assets, environmental
degradation, poverty, rapid urbanization,
and unplanned development.
131 03/30/2023 Add a footer
 Hazard
-Anything that may pause a danger
-Can be the result of human actions or
a natural phenomenon which can
adversely affect human health,
property, activity, and/or the
environment.
132 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 Risk
-Refers to the objective or
subjective probability that
something negative will
happen.
133 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 Typhoons
- large storm systems having a
circular or spiral system of
violent winds around a region
of low atmospheric pressure
134 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 Earthquakes
 shaking of the Earth’s surface caused by
rapid movement of the Earth’s rocky outer
layer.
occur when energy stored within the
Earth, is suddenly released
serve as evidence that earth’s crust is
continuously changing
135 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 Seismic Energy
energy released when the plates
stretch, compress or move past
along each other and passes
through rocks in the form of
seismic waves. Usually measured
by a seismograph.
136 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 Anatomy Of An Earthquake
•Focus – also called hypocenter
 the point or region in the rock’s zone of
weakness where the breaking first starts and
seismic energy is released. The seismic energy
then travels in all directions until it reaches the
surface.
•Epicenter – point on the surface directly above
the focus
 Volcanic Eruptions
Occurs when lava and gas and
other pyroclastic materials are
discharged from a volcanic vent
resulting to movements of
species, food shortage and loss of
lives and properties
139 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 How
Ecosystems
Mitigate
Disasters
140 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 Healthy ecosystems are
effective in protecting
against hazards and can
reduce exposure to
vulnerability of
communities
141 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 1. Mountain forests and
vegetation
– reduces the risk of landslides, rock
fall, avalanches, and soil erosion.
- forests can store water and reduce
the run off, and the risk of flood and
droughts.
142 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 2. Wetlands and riverine
– stores water and slowly release it
reducing the speed and volume of
surface run off
-they also help reduce the height
and speed of storm surges and tidal
waves
143 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 3. Coastal Ecosystem
– serves as natural buffer against
tropical cyclones, storm surges,
flooding, and other coastal hazards

Ex. Coral reefs, mangroves, and sand

dunes
144 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 4. Dryland Ecosystem

– reduce the risk of droughts and

desertification, as trees, grasses
and shrub s conserve oil and
retain moisture
145 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem
 ASSESSMENT
146 03/30/2023 People and Earth Ecosystem