WEEK ONE

DATA AND ANALYSIS

WELCOME TO STE 3004

Hello everyone,
Welcome back to our green campus, Universiti Putra Malaysia. I am so happy to have all of
you once again in my class. This is 2 credits course (2+1) STE 3004 – Data and Analysis.
For this week, we are going to have an online learning using Putra Blast.
LEARNING OUTCOME

• Here I attach the learning outcome for this course.

• Web site url: Learning Outcome.docx
• Let’s go through the learning outcome
SYLLABUS / LEARNING OUTCOMES

• In Class Assignment Practical : 40% ( 6 weeks Submission) SPSS

• Poster Presentation: 10% (Week 12)
• Quiz : (10%)
• Test 1: 10% (Week 7)
• Final Exam: 30%
ACTIVITY ONE : EXPECTATION FROM THIS
COURSE
• Name
• Expectation from this course
STATISTICS

• Definition :
Statistics, the science of collecting, analyzing, presenting, and interpreting data.

Example:
1) Statistics is useful for analyzing trends and patterns of behavior of people
2) Statistics is useful for establishment of models and allows researcher to predict
behavior based on the findings of the data. 
• Models – 1 @ 3 IV dan 1 DV (peringkat FYP)
ACTIVITY 2: DISCUSSION.

• Make a small groups ( 39 / 5) : Group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 = 8

• Discuss the role of statistics in your life?
-
• Why do you think learning statistics / data and analysis is important?
- Statistical knowledge helps you use the proper methods to collect the data, employ the correct analyses, and
effectively present the results. Statistics is a crucial process behind how we make discoveries in science, make
decisions based on data, and make predictions. Statistics allows you to understand a subject much more deeply.
- allow you to evaluate claims based on quantitative evidence and help you differentiate between reasonable and
dubious conclusions
VARIABLES

• Statistical data are often classified according to the number of variables

being studied.
1) Univariate data – when we conduct a study that looks at only one variable,
we say that we are working with univariate data
2) Bivariate data – when we conduct a study that examines the relationship
between two variables, we are working with bivariate data.
3) Multivariate -
QUALITATIVE VS QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES

• Variables can be classified as qualitative (categorical) or quantitative (numeric).

• Qualitative variables take on values that are names or labels.
• Quantitative variables are numeric (of a measurable quantity).

Example – Quantitative and Qualitative Data

QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES

• Quantitative variables can be further classified as discrete or continuous.

Example : the variable that can take on any value between its minimum value and its
maximum value – we call it continuous.
QUALITATIVE VARIABLE

• A qualitative variable - exploratory research.

• Kajian berbentuk fenomena.
QUANTITATIVE DATA
CONTOH:

• Data kuantitatif adalah jenis data yang dapat diukur (measurable) secara langsung
sebagai variabel angka atau bilangan.
• Contoh:
• Data jumlah pelajar tiap-tiap tahun di sekolah.
• Data penjualan barang di kedai runcit setiap hari.
• Data pengunjung sesebuah website.
QUALITATIVE
CONTOH:
• Data kualitatif adalah data yang melibatkan deskriptif, penelitian
(observation) gambaran kepada sesuatu fenomena. Contoh : Norm,
Budaya, Bahasa.
• Tidak melibatkan statistic.
PROBLEM

• Which of the following statements are true?

I) All variables can be classified as quantitative or categorical variables?
II) Categorical variables can be continuous variables?
III) Quantitative variables can be discrete variables
a) I ONLY
b) I, II, & III
c) I & III (the answer)
“No answer”
INDEPENDENT VS DEPENDENT VARIABLE

• Dependent variable : a principal focus of research interest; affected by one or more

independent variables (criterion or presumed outcome or test variable in t test)
• Independent variable : antecedent conditions that are presumed to affect a dependent
variable – they are either manipulated by the researcher or observed by the researcher so
that their values can be related to that of the dependent variable.
• Extraneous Variable
“nuisance variable” or covariate
- This variable is not of interest in a particular study but could influence the dependent
variable
LEVELS SCALES OF MEASUREMENT

• There are typically four levels of measurement that are defined:

1. Nominal / Categorical ---- if two levels (dichotomous) (jantina) (kaum) (agama)
2. Ordinal / Rank – beri tahap pd seseorg.
3. Interval / Scale / continuous. – tiada nilai mutlak 0.
4. Ratio / scale – ada nilai 0 (suhu dalam data ratio).
Umur category – (norminal)
PRACTICALITY

• A main distinction exist among statistical techniques as determined by “Level of

Measurement” between these measures:
Parametric – Interval / Scale or Ratio
Non – parametric - Other
FORUM

• Forum for our first & Second class on 30 /3/2022. I wish everyone of you could give me
a feedback by the end of this week.
• Looking forward to have all the feedback
• If you have any questions related to STE 3004, please email me to :
malaismail@upm.edu.my