SFC2200

INTRODUCTORY
CHEMISTRY

STATE OF MATTER
DR. TENGKU SHARIFAH MARLIZA TENGKU AZMI

TSMTA, JSAK 1
Content

■ Intermolecular forces
■ Liquid and solid properties

TSMTA, JSAK 2
Four Fundamental States of Matter

This diagram illustrates transitions between the four fundamental states of matter.

TSMTA, JSAK 3
 The physical states of matter

Solid Liquid Gas

Very strong Strong intermolecular Weak attractive
intermolecular force force hold the particle force, particles
holds the particle in close contact move freely
rigidly
4
TSMTA, JSAK
 Attractive Forces

Intramolecular or bonding forces are found within a

molecule. The chemical behavior of each phase of matter is
the same because the same constituent particle is present in
each case.
H2O molecules are present whether the substance is in the solid, liquid,
or gas phase.

Intermolecular or nonbonding forces are found between

molecules. The physical behavior of each phase of matter is
different because the strength of these forces differs from
state to state.
 Table 12.1 A Macroscopic Comparison of Gases, Liquids,
and Solids

State Shape and Volume Compressibility Ability to Flow

Gas Conforms to shape and High High

volume of container

Liquid Conforms to shape of Very low Moderate

container; volume limited by
surface
Solid Maintains its own shape and Almost none Almost none
volume
 Kinetic Molecular View of the Three States

Attractive Forces vs. Properties

Kinetic Energy

Gas Attractive forces are weak Particles are far apart. A

relative to kinetic energy. gas has no fixed shape or
volume.

Liquid Attractive forces are stronger A liquid can flow and

because particles have less change shape, but has a
kinetic energy. fixed volume.

Solid Attractions dominate motion. A solid has a fixed shape

Particles are fixed in place and volume.
relative to each other.
Phase Changes Activity – Heating of water

TSMTA, JSAK 8
A cooling curve for the conversion of gaseous water to ice.

TSMTA, JSAK 9
 Phase Diagram

TSMTA, JSAK 10
Terms :

fusion, melting - solid to liquid phase change

boiling, vaporization - liquid to gas phase change

                     **evaporation: liquid to gas phase change of the particles on the outer surface only

solidification, freezing - liquid to solid phase change

Condensation - gas to liquid phase change

Sublimation - Solid to gas phase change

Deposition - gas to solid

Triple point – the point on a phase diagram at which the three states of matter: gas, liquid, and solid coexist

Critical point – the point on a phase diagram at which the substance is indistinguishable between liquid and

gaseous states

TSMTA, JSAK 11
 Phase diagram for CO2.

At the critical point, the

densities of the liquid and gas
phases become equal.

At the triple point, all three

phases are in equilibrium.

TSMTA, JSAK 12
 Phase diagram for H2O.

TSMTA, JSAK 13
Types of Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular forces

Van der Waals forces Hydrogen bond

Dispersion forces

Dipole-dipole forces Van der

Hydrogen Covalent
Waals
bond bond
forces

strength

TSMTA, JSAK 14
Intermolecular Forces
■ Intermolecular forces are the forces of attraction which act between neighbouring
molecules.
■ They are much weaker than the covalent bonds which hold together the atoms in the
molecule.
■ Intermolecular forces are attractive forces between molecules
■ Intramolecular forces hold atoms together in a molecule.

TSMTA, JSAK 15
TSMTA, JSAK 16
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
■ Intermolecular forces include van der Waals forces and hydrogen bond.
■ Van der Waals forces are weak forces of attraction between molecules and they
include dipole-dipole and dispersion forces (or London forces).
■ Hydrogen bond are stronger than van der Waals forces.

Van der Waals forces

Dispersion forces , Dipole-dipole forces, Hydrogen bonding

Strength

TSMTA, JSAK 17
Dispersion Forces
■ The default intermolecular forces is dispersion forces (also called London forces).
■ It present in all molecules and atoms.
■ Dispersion forces are cause by fluctuations in the electron distribution within molecules
or atoms.
■ Since all atoms and molecules have electrons, they all have dispersion forces.
■ When temporary dipoles are close together, a weak dispersion force exists the
oppositely charged regions of the dipoles.
■ Because of the short-lasting nature of the dipoles, dispersion forces are the weakest
intermolecular force.

TSMTA, JSAK 18
TSMTA, JSAK 19
Dipole-dipole Forces
■ Dipole-dipole forces exists in all molecules that are polar.
■ Polar molecules have permanent dipoles that interact with the permanent dipoles of
neighbouring molecules.
■ The positive end on one permanent dipoles is attracted to the negative end of another,
and this attraction is a dipole-dipole forces.

TSMTA, JSAK 20
Hydrogen bond
■ Polar molecules containing hydrogen atoms bonded directly to fluorine, oxygen or
nitrogen exhibit an additional intermolecular forces called hydrogen bond.
■ Examples : HF, HNO3, H2O
■ The hydrogen bond is a sort of super dipole-dipole forces.
■ The large electronegativity difference between hydrogen and these electronegativity
elements give a rise strong attraction between the hydrogen in each molecules and F, O
or N on its neighbour.

TSMTA, JSAK 21
The water molecule is polar and hydrogen bonding exists between the molecules of water.
As far as intermolecular bonding forces are concerned hydrogen bonding is relatively
strong.

Methanol (CH3OH) is soluble in water. Like water, methanol has relatively strong hydrogen bonding
acting between its molecules. The attraction between methanol and water is strong enough to overcome
the methanol-methanol and water-water intermolecular forces of attraction.

TSMTA, JSAK 22
Some ionic substances, such as sodium chloride, are soluble in water. The forces of attraction between
the ions and water molecules are strong enough to overcome the ion-ion and water-water force of
attraction. The force of attraction between the ion and the water molecule is known as ion-dipole
attraction.

Notice how the polar water molecule binds to the different ions.

TSMTA, JSAK 23
Summary

TSMTA, JSAK 24
TSMTA, JSAK 25
 The Solid State
Solids are divided into two categories:
1. Crystalline solids have well defined shapes due to
the orderly arrangement of their particles.
2. Amorphous solids lack orderly arrangement and
have poorly defined shapes.

TSMTA, JSAK 26
A crystalline solid possesses rigid and long-range order. In a crystalline solid,
atoms, molecules or ions occupy specific (predictable) positions.

An amorphous solid does not possess a well-defined arrangement and long-range

molecular order.

A unit cell is the basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid.

lattice
point At lattice points:
• Atoms
• Molecules
• Ions

Unit Cell Unit cells in 3 dimensions

TSMTA, JSAK 27
 Seven Basic Unit Cells

TSMTA, JSAK 28
 Three Types of Cubic Unit Cells

TSMTA, JSAK 29
 Types of Crystalline Solids

Atomic solids consist of individual atoms held together only

by dispersion forces.

Molecular solids consist of individual molecules held

together by various combinations of intermolecular forces.

Ionic solids consist of a regular array of cations and anions.

Metallic solids exhibit an organized crystal structure.

Network Covalent solids consist of atoms covalently

bonded together in a three-dimensional network.

TSMTA, JSAK 30
 Characteristics of the Major Types of Crystalline Solids

Type Particle(s) Interparticle Physical Properties Examples [mp, ºC]

Forces
Atomic Atoms Dispersion Soft, very low mp, poor Group 8A(18)
thermal and electrical (Ne [-249) to Rn [-71])
conductors

Molecular Molecules Dispersion, Fairly soft, low to Nonpolar*

dipole-dipole, moderate mp, poor O2 [-219], C4H10 [-138]
H bonds thermal and electrical
Cl2 [-101], C6H14 [-95]
conductors
P4 [44.1]
Polar
SO2 [-73], CHCl3 [-64]
HNO3 [-42], H2O [0.0]
CH3COOH [17]

*
Nonpolar molecular solids are arranged in order of increasing molar mass.
Note the correlation with increasing melting point (mp).
TSMTA, JSAK 31
 Characteristics of the Major Types of Crystalline Solids

Type Particle(s) Interparticle Physical Properties Examples [mp, ºC]

Forces
Ionic Positive and Ion-ion attraction Hard and brittle, high mp, NaCl [801]
negative ions good thermal and CaF2 [1423]
electrical conductors
MgO [2852]
when molten

Metallic Atoms Metallic bond Soft to hard, low to very Na [97.8]

high mp, excellent Zn [420]
thermal and electrical Fe [1535]
conductors, malleable
and ductile

Network Atoms Covalent bond Very hard, very high mp, SiO2 (quartz) [1610]
covalent usually poor thermal and C (diamond) [~4000]
electrical conductors

TSMTA, JSAK 32
 The beauty of crystalline solids.

Wulfanite Barite on calcite

Beryl Quartz
(emerald) (amethyst)

TSMTA, JSAK 33
Amorphous Solid
 Non-crystalline solid, no orderly internal structure (eg: rubber, plastic, glass)
 No specific melting points – gradually soften when heat is added
 Example :

TSMTA, JSAK 34
TSMTA, JSAK 35