GENERAL

CHEMISTRY
2022
 Objectives:

q explain the nature of liquids and solid states

using kinetic molecular theory and
qdescribe the different kinds on
intermolecular forces of attraction
kinetic molecular theory
intramolecular forces
intermolecular forces
DESCRIBES THE STATES OF MATTER IN TERMS OF:
 v

SOLID LIQUID GAS

 v

SOLID LIQUID
GAS
c l o s e l y less closely
packed packed than very far apart
in solid
orderly disorderly
disorderly
 v

SOLID GAS
LIQUID
particles particles
particles move about
vibrate and
slide over a t g r e a t
rotate about
each other apeed
a f i x e d
position
 v

SOLID LIQUID GAS

very low low high

v

SOLID LIQUID GAS

very strong strong weak
 v

SOLID LIQUID GAS

such as:

hydrogen bonding
 Shape and Volume of Liquids and Solids

1. Matter in the gas state has indefinite shape and

volume.
2. Matter in the liqyuid state has indefinite shape and
definite volume.
3. Matter in the solid state has definite shape and
volume.
Shape and Volume of Matter in the three states are explained as follows:

1. Shape and volume of gases are NOT definite.

2. Liquid molecules are close enough to touch one
another.
3. Solid particles are closely packed because of strong
attractive forces among them.
The prefix intra-means
within or inside

The prefix inter-means

between or among
 also called van
der Waals forces, named
after Dutch scientist,
Johannes van der Waals
(1837-1923).
Johannes van der Waals
(1837-1923).
Melting point and boiling point can
be used as indicators of strength
of IMF operating in given solids
and liquids.
 The
intermolecular
forces of
attraction are
broken
LARGER amount of ENERGY
ThE diffERENT TYpEs of

aRE ThE
followiNG:
o these forces of attraction result from temporary
dipole moments induced in ordinarily nonpolar
molecules.

q These forces are present between all types of

molecules due to the movement of electrons.

q Slightly positive sides of a molecule are attracted

to the slightly negative sides of the adjacent
molecule.
Dispersion forces may be the weakest of
intermolecular forces that can exist between two
molecules.

Example: F2
Dispersion forces may be the weakest of
intermolecular forces that can exist between two
molecules.

Example: Br2
Dispersion forces may be the weakest of
intermolecular forces that can exist between two
molecules.

Example: I2
C4H10. is waxes, are solids at
liquid room temperature.
Carnuba
o are attractive forces between polar molecules
(molecules that possess dipole moments).

q In polar molecules the electrons are unevenly

distributed because some elements are more
electronegative than others. The partial negative
side of one molecule is attracted to the partial
positive side of another molecule.
is stronger than the dispersion forces because
polar molecules have a permanent uneven
distribution of electrons.

The larger the dipole moment, the stronger the

attraction.
Hydrogen bond
 Hydrogen bond
is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction
between the hydrogen atom in a polar bond,
such as , and an
electronegative O, N, or F atom. Hydrogen
bonds between water molecules are
particularly strong.
The interaction is written as

A-H B of A-H A

A and B represent O, N, or F; A ‒ H is one

molecule or part of a molecule and A or B is a
part of another molecule; the dotted line
represents the hydrogen bond.
Examples

water (H2O)
Examples

ammonia (NH3)
Examples
Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)
Examples of hydrogen bonding
in water (H2O), ammonia (NH3)
and hydrogen fluoride (HF):
Alternative Schematic Diagram for determining Intermolecular Forces in a Substance
A molecule will be nonpolar if:
• All of the terminal atoms (or groups) are the same
• All of the terminal atoms (or groups) are
symmetrically arranged around the central atom
• The terminal atoms (or groups) have the same
charges
• Example: CO2
A molecule will be polar if:
• One or more terminal atoms differ from each other.
• At least one polar bond is present.
• The terminal atoms are not symmetrically arranged
• The molecule has one slightly positive end and one
slightly negative end.
• Example: H2O
Assignment: