April 14, 2023 1

April 14, 2023 2

 Its members are from Survey of India Services
cadre of Civil Services of India and Army Officers
from the Corps of Engineers.

 It is headed by the Surveyor General of India.

 At present, Survey of India is headed by

Lt. Gen. Girish Kumar, VSM.

April 14, 2023 3

April 14, 2023 4
The envelope is a reproduction of one posted to Alexander Wyatt at
Mymen Singh in February 1856

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The CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

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PIONEERS OF SURVEY OF INDIA
Surveyor-General of India George
Everest (b.1790-d.1866) under
whom Great Trigonometrical
Survey (1802-1852) was completed
and Mount Everest was named in his
honour by Andrew Scott Waugh.

William Lambton (1753 – 19 January

1823) started Great Trigonometrical
Survey (1802–1852).

Colonel Colin Mackenzie CB (1754–8
May 1821) was Scottish army officer in
the British East India Company who
later became the first Surveyor
General of India.
April 14, 2023 7
Radhanath Sikdar, a mathematician
who first calculated the height of Mount
Everest in 1852.

The (explorer) cartographer Nain Singh

Rawat (19th century) received a Royal
Geographical Society gold medal in
1876.

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MANDATE OF SURVEY OF INDIA
 To provide, maintain and allow access and make
available the National Topographic Database
(NTDB) conforming to national standards. (Through
Geospatial services, Web Services, Web Portals,
Mobile Application and dissemination of
Printed/Digital maps). 
 To promote the use of geospatial knowledge and
intelligence through partnerships and other
mechanisms by all sections of the society and work
towards a knowledge-based society. (Through
Capacity Building of officers and staff of SoI,
Central/State Government organizations, private
candidates and trainees from other countries).
April 14, 2023 9
NATIONAL TOPOGRAPHIC DATABASE
Survey of India has been mandated to create, develop
and maintain the National Topographical Data Base
(NTDB) in analogue and digital forms consisting of
following data sets:

A. National Spatial Reference Frame

B. National Digital Elevation Model
C. National Topographic Template
D. Administrative Boundaries
E. Toponomy (place names)
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NATIONAL SPATIAL REFERENCE FRAME
 National Ground Control Points (GCPs) Library: At 25-30 km
across the country.
 CORS network
 Precision Bench Marks (BMs): At 35-40 km across the country.
 Geodetic Surveys for precision control (Horizontal & Vertical)
 Tidal observation at Indian ports. Publication of Annual Tide
tables giving prediction of tides one year in advance for 44 ports
(30 Indian ports and 14 foreign ports).
 Geo-physical or Gravity surveys across country
 Geo-magnetic surveys across the country

All the above comprise the National Foundation Dataset. The

underlying 3D models, 3D point clouds, Ortho Rectified Base
Image also form integral part of National Foundation Dataset
(NFD).

April 14, 2023 11

NATIONAL GROUND CONTROL POINTS (GCPS)
LIBRARY
AT 25-30 KM ACROSS THE COUNTRY

STATUS OF GCP LIBRARY Phase I

Sl. Name of Project Number of GCPs on which Processing
No. and Network Adjustment Completed
1. GCP Library Phase I 292

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STATUS OF GCP LIBRARY Phase II
Sl. Name of State in which GCPs Number of GCPs on which
No. Project Fall Processing and Network
Adjustment Completed
GCP Library
1. Andhra Pradesh 329
Phase II
GCP Library
2. Assam & Nagaland 59
Phase II
GCP Library
3. Bihar 81
Phase II
GCP Library
4. Chhattisgarh 73
Phase II
GCP Library
5. Delhi ---
Phase II
GCP Library
6. Gujarat, Daman & Diu 145
Phase II

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 GCP Library
7. Haryana 42
Phase II
GCP Library
8. Himanchal Pradesh 34
Phase II
GCP Library
9. Jammu & Kashmir 53
Phase II
GCP Library
10. Jharkhand 58
Phase II
GCP Library
11. Karnataka 131
Phase II
GCP Library
12. Kerala & Lakshyadeep 46
Phase II
GCP Library
13. Madhya Pradesh 173
Phase II
14. GCP Library
Maharashtra & Goa 219
Phase II
15. GCP Library Meghalaya &
37
Phase II Arunachal Pradesh
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16. GCP Library
Orissa 95
Phase II
17. GCP Library
Punjab & Chandigarh 41
Phase II
18. GCP Library
Rajasthan 240
Phase II
19. GCP Library Tamilnadu, Pondichery
Phase II and Andaman & 116
Nicobar Islands
20. GCP Library Tripura, Manipur &
34
Phase II Mizoram
21. GCP Library
Uttar Pradesh 86
Phase II
22. GCP Library
Uttarakhand 87
Phase II
23. GCP Library
West Bengal & Sikkim 73
Phase II

Total 2252
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NATIONAL GROUND CONTROL POINTS (GCPS)
LIBRARY: AT 25-30 KM ACROSS THE
COUNTRY.

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NATIONAL GROUND CONTROL POINTS (GCPS) LIBRARY: AT 25-30 KM
ACROSS THE COUNTRY.

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 GNSS

GNSS stands for Global Navigation Satellite System,

and is an umbrella term that encompasses all global
satellite positioning systems. This includes
constellations of satellites orbiting over the earth's
surface and continuously transmitting signals that
enable users to determine their position.

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GNSS

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GNSS

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G.T. STATIONS GCPS

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 CORS NETWORK
Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS)
is a network of reference stations that provide a
virtual base station that allows users to access long-
range high-accuracy Network RTK corrections.

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PRECISION BENCH MARKS (BMS)
AT 35-40 KM ACROSS THE COUNTRY

Benchmark is the point laid above or below the datum

line with a known elevation. Bench mark is considered
as check for the other level points. There are different
types of bench marks available in the surveying as
follows:

Great Trigonometrical Survey Benchmarks

Permanent Benchmarks
Temporary Benchmarks
Arbitrary Benchmarks
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PRECISION BENCH MARKS

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PRECISION BENCH MARKS

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GEODETIC SURVEYS FOR PRECISION
CONTROL (HORIZONTAL & VERTICAL)

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TIDAL OBSERVATION AT INDIAN PORTS
Publication of Annual Tide tables giving prediction of
tides one year in advance for 44 ports (30 Indian ports
and 14 foreign ports).

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GEO-PHYSICAL OR GRAVITY SURVEYS
ACROSS COUNTRY
Gravity surveying uses gravity meters to measure very
small variations in the earth’s gravity field.

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GEO-MAGNETIC SURVEYS ACROSS THE
COUNTRY
Magnetic methods are used to detect subsurface
elements due to spatial variations in the total magnetic
field. 

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NATIONAL DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL
 National DEM of + 10 metre accuracy for the country
 High Resolution DEM 0f  + 3 metre accuracy
 Ultra High Resolution DEM of + 50 cm accuracy

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NATIONAL TOPOGRAPHIC TEMPLATE
 Preparation of Topographic maps on all scales
 Preparation/Updation of Aeronautical charts
 Special purpose surveys for Airports/Airfields of
AAI/Navy/Coast Guards
 Preparation of Maps for Indian Air Force on 1:0.5/1/2/10 Million
scales and Flip-Book Part-II
 Topography of all rivers
 Disaster Mitigation Maps as per National Disaster Management
Plan 2016
 SoI responsibility as per NDM Act 2005: - to provide HR NTDB
data
 Survey of Forests, Cantonments, Large Scale City Surveys,
Guide Maps, Tourist Maps etc.
 Survey and Mapping for citizen centric developmental Projects.

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PREPARATION OF TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
ON ALL SCALES

 1:1M Scale (Degree Sheet)

 1:2,50,000 Scale (Small Scale)
 1:50,000 Scale (Medium Scale)
 1:25,000 Scale (Large Scale)
 1:10,000,1:5,000 and 1:2,000 (Very Larg Scale)
(By using HRSI)

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April 14, 2023 33
1:50.000Scale Map

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April 14, 2023 35
PREPARATION/UPDATION OF
AERONAUTICAL CHARTS

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 Special purpose surveys for Airports/Airfields of
AAI/Navy/Coast Guards
 Preparation of Maps for Indian Air Force on
1:0.5/1/2/10 Million scales and Flip-Book Part-II
 Topography of all rivers
 Disaster Mitigation Maps as per National Disaster
Management Plan 2016
 SoI responsibility as per NDM Act 2005: - to provide
HR NTDB data
 Survey of Forests, Cantonments, Large Scale City
Surveys, Guide Maps, Tourist Maps etc.
 Survey and Mapping for citizen centric
developmental Projects.
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 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARIES
 International Boundary (IB) Survey/Demarcation/
Relocation
 Preparation of IB Strip Maps
 Depiction of correct external boundaries of India on
maps
 Scrutiny and certification of correct external boundaries/
coastline of India on maps published by other agencies
 Advice on IB matters to MEA.

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ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARIES

 Inter-state boundary (ISB) Survey/ Demarcation/

Relocation
 Preparation of ISB Strip Maps
 Advice on ISB matters to MHA/Hon’ble Supreme
Court/High Court/Other Courts
 Preparation of Administrative boundaries data up to
village level
 Demarcation of Hazard line along Indian coasts as per
(Coastal Regulation Zone Notification (CRZ) dated
2nd July 2018, MoEF & CC)

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 TOPONOMY (PLACE NAMES)

To provide Standardized Geographical names duly

verified in the field to MHA, in matters pertaining to
New/Change of place names/Railway station names
across the country.

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April 14, 2023 42
 NATIONAL SURVEY PROJECTS
Sl.
No Names of National Survey Projects
1. National Hydrology Project

2. National GCP Library

3. Redefinition of Indian Vertical Datum

4. Modernization and Expansion of Indian Tide Gauge Network

5. Integrated Coastal Hazard Zone mapping (ICZM)

6. Catalogue of National GCP Library

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 NATIONAL HYDROLOGY PROJECT

PROJECT OBJECTIVE:
To improve the extent, quality, and accessibility of
water resources information, decision support system
for floods and basin level resource
assessment/planning and to strengthen the capacity of
targeted water resources professionals and
management institutions in India.

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National Hydrology Project

PROJECT COMPONENTS:
 WATER RESOURCES MONITORING SYSTEM
 WATER RESOURCES INFORMATION SYSTEM
 WATER RESOURCES OPERATIONS AND
PLANNING SYSTEM
 INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT

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 WATER RESOURCES MONITORING SYSTEM

PROJECT COMPONENTS:
 Establishment of Hydromet Observation Networks
 Establishment of SCADA(remote control systems)
Systems for Water Infrastructure
 Establishment of Hydro-Informatics Centers

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ESTABLISHMENT OF HYDROMET OBSERVATION
NETWORKS

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REDEFINITION OF INDIAN VERTICAL DATUM
 Existing Vertical Datum was defined in 1905 without gravity
observations and sophisticated instruments.
 Accurate heights are required for developmental projects and
inundation mapping.
 With the requirement of height accuracy within few
centimetres, it is necessary to redefine vertical datum.
 About 70% old Bench Marks either do not exist on ground or
are in disturbed condition.
 A project of National importance on Redefinition of Indian
Vertical Datum is implemented by Survey of India.
 Accordingly G&RB started a re-levelling programme under
name “Redefinition of Indian Vertical Datum” in 2006.

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 GPS CONCEPTS AND
April 14, 2023 APPLICATIONS 49
April 14, 2023 50
MODERNIZATION AND EXPANSION OF
INDIAN TIDE GAUGE NETWORK

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INTEGRATED COASTAL HAZARD
ZONE MAPPING (ICZM)

To ensure:
Effective protection of shore lines
Coastal infrastructure
Livelihoods
Lives through improved coastal management
a Coastal Management Program undertaken by Ministry of
Environment & Forest (MoEF) and entrusting the work of
supplying a requisite coastal data and vulnerability
mapping, (involving hazard line demarcation of coastal
areas) to Survey of India through its Integrated Coastal
Zone Management (ICZM) Project.April 14, 2023 52
April 14, 2023 53
 SWAMITWA YOJANA
{GAOTHAN (VILLAGE AWADI) SURVEY}
To ensure:
Effective protection of shore lines
Coastal infrastructure
Livelihoods
Lives through improved coastal management
a Coastal Management Program undertaken by Ministry
of Environment & Forest (MoEF) and entrusting the work
of supplying a requisite coastal data and vulnerability
mapping, (involving hazard line demarcation of coastal
areas) to Survey of India through its Integrated Coastal
Zone Management (ICZM) Project.

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 LARGE SCALE MAPPING OF
GAOTHAN AREAS USING UAVs FOR
MAHARASHTRA

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 MAPPING USING UAVs

WHY WE REQUIRE UAVs FOR MAPPING

WHAT IS UAV
HOW MAPPING USING UAVs IS DONE
ADVANTAGES/LIMITATIONS AND USES

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 MAPPING USING UAVs

 Traditional Topographical Surveys require substantial

time, effort and resources from the Surveyors
 New technologies like Aerial Surveying by UAVs is
changing the landscape of Surveying because of
quality and their efficiency
 UAVs Surveying enables the capture of landscape,
including all necessary features, in much less time and
at a much lower cost than traditional Surveying
methods.
 Provides more sophisticated set of products, including
Contour maps, Orthophotos, Doigital Terrain Model,
and Digital Elevation Model etc.
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 TYPE OF UAVs
QUADCOPTER FIXED WING

OCTOCOPTER HYBRID

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 TYPE OF UAVs
QUADCOPTER FIXED WING
 ADVANTAGE:
• EASY TO USE. ADVANTAGE:
• VERTICAL TAKE OFF AND LANDING. • VERY LONG FLIGHT TIME.
• SUITABLE FOR INDOOR APPLICATIONS
• LARGER AREA COVERAGE.
• SILENT FLIGHT.
• CAN HOVER EASILY.
• GREATER SPEED.
 LIMITATIONS:
• MORE EFFICIENT AERODYNAMICS
• IT HAS PAYLOAD LIMIT. LIMITATIONS:
• FLIGHT DURATION IS SHORT. • LANDING AND TAKE OFF IS DIFFICULT TO HANDLE.
• REQUIRED BATTERY REPLACEMENT • NEED A RUNWAY OR CATAPULT
 FREQUENTLY. LAUNCHER.
• NEED TO BE IN CONTINUOUS MOTION.
• DIFFICULT TO CARRY.
• COSTLY.
• LIMITATIONS OF PAYLOAD.

OCTOCOPTER HYBRID
ADVANTAGE:
• GREATER OVERALL POWER, ELEVATION, ADVANTAGE:
CONTROL SAFETY AND FLIGHT SPEED. • GREAT FLIGHT TIME.
• VERTICAL TAKE OFF AND LANDING.
• LARGER AREA COVERAGE.
• MORE ENDURANCE.
• MORE STABLE • SUITABLE FOR AERIAL SURVEY.
• HIGHER OVERALL PAYLOAD. • SILENT FLIGHT / ABLE TO HOVER.
• HIGH RELIABILITY AS EVEN IF ONE OR • GREATER SPEED.
TWO ROTORS FAIIL, IT CAN RETURN BACK
TO BASE • VERTICAL TAKE OFF AND LANDING.
LIMITATIONS: LIMITATIONS:.
• NOT SUITABLE FOR INDOOR • NOT SUITABLE FOR INDOOR.
APPLICATIONS.
• DIFFICULT TO CARRY.
• PRICE HIGHER THAN A QUADCOPTER.
• LARGER IN SIZE.
• COSTLY.

April 14, 2023 59

 METHODOLOGY

PLAN CAPTURE PROCESS ANALYSE MAP

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PLANNING

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FLIGHT PLANNING

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DATA CAPTURING

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DATA ACQUISITION

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DATA ACQUISITION

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 DATA PROCESSING

SPARSE POINT DENSE POINT DIGITAL ELEVATION

CLOUD CLOUD MODEL
(TIE POINTS) April 14, 2023 66
 ORTHO IMAGE

FINAL ORTHORECTIFIED FINAL ORTHORECTIFIED FINAL ORTHORECTIFIED

PHOTO AT 1:4000 SCALE PHOTO AT 1:500 SCALE PHOTO AT 1:100 SCALE
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 HIGH RESOLUTION
TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPPING

ORTHO-PHOTO HIGH RESOLUTION TOPO MAP

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 2D FEATURE EXTRACTION

FINAL MAP AT 1:2000 FINAL MAP AT 1:1000 FINAL MAP AT 1:500

SCALE SCALE SCALE

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GAOTHAN MAP

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GAOTHAN MAP

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GAOTHAN MAP

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 SCOPE OF PROJECT
MAPPING GAOTHAN AREAS USING UAVs
PROJECT LOCATION : ALL GAOTHAN (ABADI) AREAS : MAHARASTRA

TOTAL GAOTHAN (ABADI) AREAS : 40000

TOTAL TIME : 30 MONTHS

DELIVERABLES :
LARGE SCALE MAPS AT 1:500 SCALE
ORTHO RECTIFIED IMAGES OF BETTER THAN 5CM GSD
SEAMLESS DIGITAL DATABASE AS PER DATA MODEL STRUCTURE
HORIZONTAL ACCURACY: BETTER THAN 12.5CM,
VERTICAL ACCURACY: 20CM
CONTROL DATA WITH COORDINATES: ALREADY COVERED

April 14, 2023 73

 SURVEY OF INDIA OFFICES

   Surveyor General of India                                    

 Office of Surveyor General of India  
  Hathibarkala Estate, Dehra Dun    
  Uttarakhand, PIN-248001
Specialized Zone, Survey of India Northern Zone,Survey of India Survey
Block 6,Hathibarkala Estate Complex, Dakshin Marg, Sector-32A,
DEHRADUN (Uttarakhand)-48 001  CHANDIGARH-160030     
Eastern Zone, Survey of India Western Zone, Survey of India,
13- Wood Street Great Arc Bhawan-I, Sector-10,
KOLKATA-700016(West Bengal) Vidhyadhar Nagar, JAIPUR-302 039
(Rajasthan)

Southern Zone, Survey of India Central Zone, Survey of India

Sarjapur Road, Koramangala, 2nd Blk. Survey Colony, Vijay Nagar,
BANGALORE-560034 (Karnataka) JABALPUR-482 002, (M.P.) 
North Eastern Zone, Survey of India Printing Zone,Survey of India,  Post Box
Post Box No.-89, Malki, No.28, Hathibarkala Estate, Dehra Dun
SHILLONG-793 001 (Meghalaya) Uttarakhand, PIN-248001   
April 14, 2023 74
April 14, 2023 75
 Geo-Spatial Data Centers
 Andhra Pradesh Geo-spatial Data  Assam & Nagaland Geo-spatial Data
Centre, HYDERABAD centre, GUWAHATI

 Bihar Geo-spatial Data Centre,  Chhattisgarh Geo-spatial Data

PATNA Centre, RAIPUR

 Gujarat, Daman & Diu Geo-spatial  Himachal Pradesh Geo-spatial Data

Data Centre, GANDHINAGAR Centre, CHANDIGARH

 Jammu & Kashmir Geo-spatial Data  Jharkhand Geo-spatial Data Centre,

Centre, NAGROTA(J&K) RANCHI

 Karnataka Geo-spatial Data Centre,  Kerala and Lakshadweep Geo-spatial

BANGALORE Data Centre,
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
 Madhya Pradesh Geo-spatial Data  Maharashtra and Goa Geo-spatial Data
Centre, JABALPUR     Centre, PUNE
April 14, 2023 76
 Geo-Spatial Data Centers
 Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh
Geo-spatial Data centre, SHILLONG
 Odisha Geo-spatial Data Centre,
BHUBANESHWAR
 Rajasthan Geo-spatial Data Centre,
JAIPUR
 Tripura, Manipur and Mizoram Geo-
spatial Data Centre, SILCHAR
(Assam)
 Uttarakhand & West Uttar Pradesh
Geo-spatial Data Centre, DEHRADUN
 International Boundary Directorate
(SGO), New Delhi
 Survey (Air) & Delhi Geo-spatial Data
Centre, NEW DELHI
 Punjab, Haryana & Chandigarh Geo-
spatial Data Centre, CHANDIGARH        
 Tamilnadu, Pondicherry and
Andaman & Nicobar Island Geo-
spatial Data Centre, CHENNAI
 East Uttar Pradesh Geo-spatial Data
 Centre, LUCKNOW  
 West Bengal & Sikkim Geo-spatial
Data Centre, KOLKATA
April 14, 2023 77
 SUBJECTS IN SURVEYING
Photogrammetry
Geodesy

Remote Sensing
Astronomy

Topographical Surveying Cartography

Cadastral Surveying Digital Mapping

Engineering Surveying GISApril 14, 2023 78

April 14, 2023 79