Respiratory System

Chapter 21 – Day 1

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 Respiratory System Overview
 Respiratory System Functions
 Expulsion of CO2
 External vs. Internal Respiration
 Organization – Upper & Lower
 Pathway of O2

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 Respiratory System
 O2 delivery to cells is critical & the respiratory system
makes it possible for O2 from the atmosphere to enter
the blood
 Function
♦O2 transport to the blood
♦CO2 transport from the blood
♦Some role in speech (in terms of air movement)

 Do we really breath out CO2?

 How does the body take in O2 & expel CO2?

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 Respiratory System
 Special organs
♦Nose
♦Pharynx Direct air
♦Larynx into/out of
lungs
♦Trachea
♦Bronchi
♦Lungs - exchange of gases takes place here

 Additional help comes from skeletal muscles

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 Process of Respiration
 Physical movement of air
♦= External Respiration
 Use of O2 in cells for metabolism
♦= Internal/Cellular respiration

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 Pathway of Air/ O2
 Nose – external nares → nasal cavity → internal nares

 Pharynx – nasopharynx → oropharynx → laryngopharynx

 Larynx – epiglottis → larynx

 Trachea – trachea

 Bronchi – primary bronchi → secondary bronchi → tertiary bronchi → bronchioles

 Lungs – alveoli → blood stream
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 Pathway of Air/ O2
 Each component is composed of special tissues which
aid in their function
 Passageways & accessory structures in the nose and
pharynx = upper respiratory system

 Nose: external & internal nose

♦Outside: cartilage & skin structure with 2 openings =
external nares
♦Directs air into nasal passageways
♦External = object of “vanity’
•“nose job” = Rhinoplasty – surgery to repair or alter nose
structure – involves addition or removal of tissue
•Involves inconspicuous incisions & local anesthesia
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 Pathway of Air/ O2 - Skull
 Nostrils lead into 2 chambers separated by the nasal
septum
 Right and left chambers of the nasal cavity
 Walls of the nasal septum = ethmoid & vomer bones
 Protrusions of the bone = nasal conchae (superior,
middle, inferior)
♦Allows air to swirl in the nasal cavity – airborne particles get
trapped in mucus
♦Cavity is lined with mucous membrane
♦Mucus is secreted by the paranasal sinuses (=air cavity with
epithelium in the skull)
 Floor of the nasal cavity = hard palate (roof of the
mouth)
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 Function of the Nose
 Directs air into the nasal passageway
 Warms air via blood circulation
 Location for olfaction sensation
 Traps particles & microbes = non-specific defense
♦These then get swallowed with mucous

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 Pathway of Air/ O2 – Pharynx and on
 From the nasal cavity, air enters internal nares then
the pharynx (throat)
 Pharynx
♦Shared by digestive and respiratory systems
♦It is a muscular tube lined with mucous epithelium
 Just behind the nasal cavity = nasopharynx

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 Pathway of Air/ O2
 Nose – external nares → nasal cavity → internal nares

 Pharynx – nasopharynx → oropharynx → laryngopharynx

 Larynx – epiglottis → larynx

 Trachea – trachea

 Bronchi – primary bronchi → secondary bronchi → tertiary bronchi → bronchioles

 Lungs – alveoli → blood stream
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 Mechanics of Respiration
 You will cover the details of aspects of the respiratory
system in lab and lecture on Wednesday
 For lab today you also need to be familiar with
Pulmonary Ventilation (the fancy way to say
“breathing”)
 Air is pulled in & pushed out by a mechanical process
♦= ventilation
♦This process involves the diaphragm and skeletal muscles
(intercostal muscles)
 Breathing consists of 2 phases:
♦Inspiration
•air is taken into the lungs
♦Expiration
•Air passes out of the lungs
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 Mechanics of Respiration
 Air is moving in and out of the lungs due to pressure
gradients
 We will cover the mechanism in more detail in lecture,
but be sure you read the introduction to each lab and
to each section/activity…you will be responsible for
the information presented there in lab and lecture!

 Happy breathing

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