THE LANGUAGE

OF SET
 THE LANGUAGE
OF SET
Learning Objectives

 Define what is a set and its basic terminologies.

 Differentiate ways in describing sets.
 Perform basic operations on set.
Reference: https://www.sangakoo.com/en/unit/set-of-numbers-real-integer-rational-natural-and-irrational-numbers
Reference: https://www.sangakoo.com/en/unit/set-of-numbers-real-integer-rational-natural-and-irrational-numbers
Reference: https://www.sangakoo.com/en/unit/set-of-numbers-real-integer-rational-natural-and-irrational-numbers
Reference: https://www.sangakoo.com/en/unit/set-of-numbers-real-integer-rational-natural-and-irrational-numbers
Reference: https://www.sangakoo.com/en/unit/set-of-numbers-real-integer-rational-natural-and-irrational-numbers
Reference: https://www.sangakoo.com/en/unit/set-of-numbers-real-integer-rational-natural-and-irrational-numbers
THE LANGUAGE OF SET

What is a set?

A set is a collection of well-defined objects. The objects are called

elements or members of the set. The symbol ∈ is used to denote that
an object is an element of a set, and the symbol ∉ denotes that an object
is not an element of a set.

 We use braces and commas also to denote a set.

 It is usually presented in capital letters.
THE LANGUAGE OF SET

What is a set?
Use of the word “set” as a formal mathematical term was
introduced in 1879 by Georg Cantor. For most mathematical
purposes we can think of a set intuitively, as Cantor did, simply
as a collection of elements.

 We use braces and commas also to denote a set.

 It is usually presented in capital letters.
THE LANGUAGE OF SET

What is a set?
 We use braces and commas also to denote a set.
 It is usually presented in capital letters.

Examples:
A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}
B = {x | x is positive integer less than 20}
THE LANGUAGE OF SET

What is a set?
Examples:
A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}
B = {x | positive integer less than 20}

If S is a set, the notation

x ∈ S means that “x is an element of S”
x ∉ S means that “x is not an element of S
THE LANGUAGE OF SET

Set
If S is a set, the notation
x ∈ S means that “x is an element of S”
x ∉ S means that “x is not an element of S

Example:
A= {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 }
 2 ∈A  4 ∈A
 3 ∉A  13 ∉ A
THE LANGUAGE OF SET

Set
B = {x | positive integer less than 20}
 1∈B
 19 ∈ B
 21 ∉ B

A variation of notation is used to describe a very large set.

Examples:
C= {1, 2, 3, …, 100} Set of all integers from 1 to 100
D= {1, 2, 3, …} Set of all positive integers
E= {…, -3, -2, -1} Set of all negative integers
THE LANGUAGE OF SET

Three ways of Describing a Set

1. Roster Method/ Listing Method/ Tabular Method/Enumeration Method

2. Set Builder Notation/ Rule Method

3. Interval Notation
THE LANGUAGE OF SET

Three ways of Describing a Set

1. Roster Method/ Listing Method/ Tabular Method/Enumetaration Method

o The elements of the set are enumerated and separated by a comma.

o List all the elements in the braces, if possible.

Y= {a, e, i, o, u} = {set of all vowels in the English alphabet}

W= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ={set of number of dots in each face of a die}
THE LANGUAGE OF SET

Three ways of Describing a Set

2. Set Builder Notation/ Rule Method

o Describe the elements or members of the set

o Characterize all the elements in a set by stating property or properties they must have
to members, symbol is written as {x | P (x)}
THE LANGUAGE OF SET

Three ways of Describing a Set

2. Set Builder Notation/ Rule Method
o Describe the elements or members of the set
o Characterize all the elements in a set by stating property or properties they must have
to members, symbol is written as {x | P (x)}
Example:
In the notation Y= {a, e, i, o, u} which is in Roster Method, it is represented
as
Y= {x | collection of vowel letters}. The symbol | is read as “such that”.
 
{x | x is an even number ≤ 10} Set Builder Notation
{2, 4, 6, 8, 10} Roster Method
THE LANGUAGE OF SET

Three ways of Describing a Set

2. Set Builder Notation/ Rule Method
Example:
In the notation Y= {a, e, i, o, u} which is in Roster Method, it is represented
as
Y= {x | collection of vowel letters}. The symbol | is read as “such that”.
 
{x | x is an even number ≤ 10} Set Builder Notation
{2, 4, 6, 8, 10} Roster Method

Another example:
 {x | x is rational number}
THE LANGUAGE OF SET

Three ways of Describing a Set

2. Set Builder Notation/ Rule Method
Example:
In the notation Y= {a, e, i, o, u} which is in Roster Method, it is represented
as
Y= {x | collection of vowel letters}. The symbol | is read as “such that”.
 
{x | x is an even number ≤ 10} Set Builder Notation
{2, 4, 6, 8, 10} Roster Method

Another example:
 {x | x is rational number}
THE LANGUAGE OF SET

2. Set Builder Notation/ Rule Method

 {x | x is rational number}

Rational numbers are the set of all terminating and repeating decimals.

Examples of ,
 
 {x ∈ ℤ | -3 < x < 6}
This is read as “The set of all element in the set of integers such that x 3 is greater
than 3 but less than 6.”
THE LANGUAGE OF SET

Three ways of Describing a Set

2. Set Builder Notation/ Rule Method

 {x ∈ ℤ | -3 < x < 6}
This is read as “The set of all element in the set of integers such that x is greater
than -3 but less than 6.”

What are the elements in this set?

Answer: {x ∈ ℤ | -3 < x < 6} = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,}
THE LANGUAGE OF SET

Three ways of Describing a Set

2. Set Builder Notation/ Rule Method
What are the elements in this set?
Answer: {x ∈ ℤ | -3 < x < 6} = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,}
THE LANGUAGE OF SET

Three ways of Describing a Set

2. Set Builder Notation/ Rule Method

{x ∈ ℤ | -3 ≤ x ≤ 6}
This is read as “The set of all element in the set of integers such that x is
greater than or equal to -3 but less than or equal to 6.”

What are the elements in this set?

Answer: {x ∈ ℤ | -3 ≤ x ≤ 6} = {-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
THE LANGUAGE OF SET

Three ways of Describing a Set

2. Set Builder Notation/ Rule Method
What are the elements in this set?
Answer: {x ∈ ℤ | -3 ≤ x ≤ 6} = {-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
THE LANGUAGE OF SET

Three ways of Describing a Set

3. Interval Notation

The interval notation is used to describe the set of real numbers in an interval.
There are 9 notations for intervals of real numbers.
THE LANGUAGE OF SET
Three ways of Describing a Set
3. Interval Notation
THE LANGUAGE OF SET
Three ways of Describing a Set
3. Interval Notation

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Terminologies of Set
Terminologies of Set
1. Unit Set 6. Equal set

7. Equivalent set
2. Empty set or Null set

3. Finite set 8. Universal set

4. Infinite set
9. Joint Sets

5. Cardinal Number 10.Disjoint Sets

Terminologies of Set
1. Unit Set
 Terminologies of Set
2. Empty set or Null set
 Terminologies of Set
3. Finite set
 Terminologies of Set
4. Infinite set
Terminologies of Set

5. Cardinal Number
 Terminologies of Set
6. Equal set
 Terminologies of Set
7. Equivalent set
 Terminologies of Set

8. Universal set
Terminologies of Set
9. Joint Sets
Terminologies of Set
10.Disjoint Sets
Subset of a Set

Set A is a subset of B, denoted by ⊆, if and only if all

elements of A are also elements of B.
A= {x, y, z}
Subsets of A:
{}, {x}, {y}, {z}, {x, y}, {x, z}, {y, z}, {x, y, z}

𝑛
number of subsets= 2
Subset of a Set

Set A is a subset of B, denoted by ⊆, if and only if all

elements of A are also elements of B.
A= {x, y, z}
Subsets of A:
{}, {x}, {y}, {z}, {x, y}, {x, z}, {y, z}, {x, y, z}

𝑛
number of subsets= 2
 Proper subset

Reference: https://mathworld.wolfram.com/ProperSubset.html
SET OPERATIONS
SET OPERATIONS
Intersection of Sets

Union of Sets
Product of Sets

Complement of Sets Difference of Two Sets

SET OPERATIONS
Intersection of Sets
Given two sets A and B, their intersection denoted by A ∩ B denoted, is the set both common to both A and B. In other
words, the intersection of a set are those elements can be found for both A and B.
Examples 1:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}

Therefore, we conclude that A ∩ B = {3, 4, 5}.

 
SET OPERATIONS
Intersection of Sets

Example 2:
Let C= {a, b, c}, D= {b, c} and E={x, y, z, a}.
 C ∩ D = {b,c}
 D ∩ E= { } or ∅
 C ∩ E = {a}
SET OPERATIONS
Intersection of Sets

Union of Sets
Product of Sets

Complement of Sets Difference of Two Sets

SET OPERATIONS
Union of Sets
Given 2 sets A and B, their set union, denoted by A U B, is the set of elements that belong to
either A or B or to both.

A U B= {x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B}

The word “or” is our set definition of set union using set builder notation is
an inclusive or. It means that x is either element of A or B or to both. The
union of a set is written without repeating the same elements.
SET OPERATIONS
Union of Sets
The word “or” is our set definition of set union using set builder notation is
an inclusive or. It means that x is either element of A or B or to both. The
union of a set is written without repeating the same elements.

Examples: Let A = { 4, 5, 7}, B= {6,7} and C= {1, 5, 7}.

 A U B= {4,5,6,7}
 B U C= {1,5,6,7,}
 A U B U C = {1,4,5,6,7,}
SET OPERATIONS
Complement of Sets
The complement of a set A, denoted by A’ , is the set of all elements in the
universal U that are not elements of A.

Universal sets contains all elements in the given context and denoted by U.
SET OPERATIONS
Complement of Sets
The complement of a set A, denoted by A’ , is the set of all elements in the universal U that are not
elements of A.
Universal sets contains all elements in the given context and denoted by U.
SET OPERATIONS
Intersection of Sets

Union of Sets
Product of Sets

Complement of Sets Difference of Two Sets

SET OPERATIONS
Difference of Two Sets
The difference of two sets, is the set of all elements of A that are not
elements of B. In symbol, this is written as A – B.
SET OPERATIONS
Product of Sets
Cartesian product is also called the cross products. The product of two sets,
denoted by A x B is the set of all possible ordered pairs (a, b), where a ∈ A
and b ∈ B.

Consider the sets A= {1,3} and B= {w,z}. Write the cross product of A X B.

A X B= {(1, w), (1, z), (3, w), (3, z)}

SET OPERATIONS
Product of Sets
Cartesian product is also called the cross products. The product of two sets,
denoted by A x B is the set of all possible ordered pairs (a, b), where a ∈ A
and b ∈ B.
Consider the sets A= {1,3} and B= {w,z}. Write the cross product of A X B.

A X B= {(1, w), (1, z), (3, w), (3, z)}

Since the elements of a cross product are ordered pairs , (1, w) is not
the same as (w, 1). In fact, (1, w) ∈ A X B but (w, 1) ∉ A X B.
 VENN DIAGRAM
Venn Diagram is a pictorial representation of sets within an enclosing rectangle. The
rectangle represents the entire universal set U . Circles, squares, and other geometric
figures represent some subsets of the universal set. Regions that overlap represent the are
common to sets.
The illustration below shows the representation of Venn Diagram depending upon on
the set operations performed. The color green means the included elements upon
performing the operations.
VENN DIAGRAM
 VENN DIAGRAM
U={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B= {2, 4, 6, 8} 7 9 10

1
2 6
3
4 8
5
 VENN DIAGRAM
U={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B= {2, 4, 6, 8}
7 9 10
1
2 6
3
4 8
5
 VENN DIAGRAM
U={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B= {2, 4, 6, 8} 7 9 10
1
2 6
3
4 8
5
 VENN DIAGRAM
U={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B= {2, 4, 6, 8}
7 9 10
1
2 6
3
4 8
5
 VENN DIAGRAM
U={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B= {2, 4, 6, 8} 7 9 10

1
2 6
3
4 8
5
 VENN DIAGRAM
U={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B= {2, 4, 6, 8} 7 9 10

1 6
2
3 8
4
5
 VENN DIAGRAM
U={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B= {2, 4, 6, 8} 7 9 10

1
2 6
3
4 8
5
 VENN DIAGRAM
U={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B= {2, 4, 6, 8} 7 9 10
1
2 6
3
4 8
5
 VENN DIAGRAM
U={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B= {2, 4, 6, 8}
7 9 10

1
2 6
3
4 8
5