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Chapter1 Modified
Chapter1 Modified
Introduction
Introduction 1-1
Chapter 1: introduction
our goal: overview:
get “ feel” and what’s the Internet?
terminology what’s a protocol?
more depth, detail
network edge; hosts, access net,
physical media
later in course network core: packet/circuit
approach: switching, Internet structure
use Internet as performance: loss, delay, throughput
example security
protocol layers, service models
history
Introduction 1-2
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
Introduction 1-3
What’s the Internet: “ nuts and bolts” view
PC millions of connected mobile network
server computing devices:
hosts = end systems global ISP
wireless
laptop running network apps
smartphone
home
communication links network
regional ISP
wireless
fiber, copper, radio,
links satellite
wired
links transmission rate:
bandwidth
Packetswitches: forward
router packets (chunks of data) institutional
network
routers and switches
Introduction 1-4
What’s the Internet: “ nuts and bolts” view
mobile network
Internet: “ network of networks”
Interconnected ISPs
global ISP
protocols control sending,
receiving of msgs
e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, 802.11 home
network
regional ISP
institutional
network
Introduction 1-5
“ Fun” internet appliances
Web-enabled toaster +
weather forecaster
IP picture frame
http://www.ceiva.com/
Tweet-a-watt:
monitor energy use
Slingbox: watch,
control cable TV remotely
Internet
refrigerator Internet phones
Introduction 1-6
What’s a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:
Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time
Introduction 1-8
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
Introduction 1-9
A closer look at network structure:
network edge: mobile network
hosts: clients and servers
servers often in data centers global ISP
home
access networks, physical network
regional ISP
media: wired, wireless
communication links
network core:
interconnected routers
network of networks institutional
network
Introduction 1-10
Access net: digital subscriber line (DSL)
central office telephone
network
DSL splitter
modem DSLAM
ISP
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer
cable splitter
modem
C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Channels
to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box
Introduction 1-14
Enterprise access networks (Ethernet)
institutional link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router
Introduction 1-15
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
Introduction 1-16
The network core
mesh of interconnected
routers
packet-switching: hosts
break application-layer
messages into packets
forward packets from one
router to the next, across
links on path from source
to destination
each packet transmitted at
full link capacity
Introduction 1-17
Packet Switching: queueing delay, loss
R = 100 Mb/s C
A
D
R = 1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets E
waiting for output link
Introduction 1-18
Internet structure: network of networks
End systems connect to Internet via access ISPs (Internet
Service Providers)
Residential, company and university ISPs
Access ISPs in turn must be interconnected.
So that any two hosts can send packets to each other
Resulting network of networks is very complex
Evolution was driven by economics and national policies
Let’s take a stepwise approach to describe current Internet
structure
Internet structure: network of networks
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them
together?
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
…
…
access access
net net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
… … net
access access
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to every other access ISP?
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access
net
… … net
access
access net
net
…
to each other directly doesn’t
…
access access
…
net
scale: O(N2) connections. net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
…
… … net
access access
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to a global transit ISP? Customer
and provider ISPs have economic agreement.
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
…
…
global
access
net ISP access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
… … net
access access
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors ….
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
ISP A
…
…
access access
net ISP B net
access
ISP C
net
access
net
access
net
access
… … net
access access
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors ….
which must be interconnected
Internet exchange point
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…
…
access IXP access
net ISP B net
access
ISP C
net
access
net
access
net
peering link
access
… … net
access access
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
… and regional networks may arise to connect access nets to ISPS
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…
…
access IXP access
net ISP B net
access
ISP C
net
access
net
access
net regional net
access
… … net
access access
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
… and content provider networks (e.g., Google, Microsoft, Akamai )
may run their own network, to bring services, content close to end users
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…
…
Content provider network
access IXP access
net ISP B net
access
ISP B
net
access
net
access
net regional net
access
… … net
access access
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
IX IX IX
P P P
Regional ISP Regional ISP
to/from backbone
peering
… … …
…
to/from customers
Introduction 1-28
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
Introduction 1-29
How do loss and delay occur?
packets queue in router buffers
packet arrival rate to link (temporarily) exceeds output link
capacity
packets queue, wait for turn
packet being transmitted (delay)
B
packets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers
Introduction 1-30
Four sources of packet delay
transmission
A propagation
B
nodal
processing queueing
server,
server withbits
sends linkpipe
capacity
that can carry linkpipe
capacity
that can carry
file of into
(fluid) F bits
pipe fluid at rate
Rs bits/sec fluid at rate
Rc bits/sec
to send to client
Rs bits/sec) Rc bits/sec)
Introduction 1-32
Throughput (more)
Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
bottleneck
link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
Introduction 1-33
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
Introduction 1-34
Internet protocol stack (TCP/IP)
Application layer: supporting
network applications
FTP, SMTP, HTTP application
transport: process-process data
transfer transport
TCP, UDP
network: routing of datagrams from network
source to destination
IP, routing protocols link
link: data transfer between
neighboring network elements physical
Ethernet, 802.111 (WiFi), PPP
physical: bits “ on the wire”
Introduction 1-35
message M
source
application
Encapsulation
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical
switch
destination Hn Ht M network
M application
Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical
Introduction 1-36
ISO/OSI reference model
presentation: allow applications
to interpret meaning of data, application
e.g., encryption, compression,
machine-specific conventions presentation
session: synchronization, session
checkpointing, recovery of data transport
exchange
network
Internet stack “ missing” these
layers! link
these services, if needed, must be physical
implemented in application
needed?
Introduction 1-37
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history
Introduction 1-38
Internet history
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
1961: Kleinrock - 1972:
queueing theory shows ARPAnet public demo
effectiveness of packet- NCP (Network Control
switching Protocol) first host-host
1964: Baran - packet- protocol
switching in military nets first e-mail program
1967: ARPAnet ARPAnet has 15 nodes
conceived by Advanced
Research Projects
Agency
1969: first ARPAnet
node operational
Introduction 1-39
Internet history
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets
1970: ALOHAnet satellite
network in Hawaii Cerf and Kahn’s
1974: Cerf and Kahn - internetworking principles:
architecture for interconnecting minimalism, autonomy - no
networks internal changes required to
1976: Ethernet at Xerox PARC interconnect networks
best effort service model
late70’s: proprietary
stateless routers
architectures: DECnet, SNA,
XNA decentralized control
late 70’s: switching fixed length define today’s Internet
packets (ATM precursor) architecture
1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes
Introduction 1-40
Internet history
1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks
1983: deployment of new national networks:
TCP/IP Csnet, BITnet, NSFnet,
1982: smtp e-mail Minitel
protocol defined 100,000 hosts connected
1983: DNS defined for to confederation of
name-to-IP-address networks
translation
1985: ftp protocol defined
1988: TCP congestion
control
Introduction 1-41
Internet history
1990, 2000’s: commercialization, the Web, new apps
early 1990’s: ARPAnet late 1990’s – 2000’s:
decommissioned more killer apps: instant
1991: NSF lifts restrictions on messaging, P2P file sharing
commercial use of NSFnet network security to
(decommissioned, 1995) forefront
early 1990s: Web est. 50 million host, 100
hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson million+ users
1960’s] backbone links running at
HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee Gbps
1994: Mosaic, later Netscape
late 1990’s:
commercialization of the Web
Introduction 1-42
Internet history
2005-present
~750 million hosts
Smartphones and tablets
Aggressive deployment of broadband access
Increasing ubiquity of high-speed wireless access
Emergence of online social networks:
Facebook: soon one billion users
Service providers (Google, Microsoft) create their own
networks
Bypass Internet, providing “ instantaneous” access to
search, emai, etc.
E-commerce, universities, enterprises running their services
in “ cloud” (eg, Amazon EC2)
Introduction 1-43
Introduction: summary
covered a “ton” of material! you now have:
Internet overview context, overview, “ feel”
what’s a protocol? of networking
network edge, core, access more depth, detail to
network follow!
packet-switching
performance: loss, delay,
throughput
layering, service models
Introduction 1-44