What is this ? How can you detect the presence?

1) SMELL 2) TASTE

STIMULUS

5) LIGHT

3) TOUCH (PAIN) 4) SOUND

Sensory Organs
What is the sensory organ to detect stimuli for?

1) SMELL

What is the sensory organ to detect stimuli for?

2) TASTE

What is the sensory organ to detect stimuli for?

3) TOUCH (PAIN)

What is the sensory organ to detect stimuli for?

4) SOUND

What is the sensory organ to detect stimuli for?

5) LIGHT

Chapter 1 : World Through Our Senses

Our senses detect stimuli and we respond. Human have receptors or sensory organs The skin responds to touch, pressure, pain, heat and cold. The tongue responds to chemical in our food and drink. It gives us our sense of taste The nose responds to chemical in the air. It gives us our sense of smell. The ears respond to sound vibrations and movements. They give us our sense of hearing and our balance. The eyes respond to light rays. They give us our sense of sight.

Human sensory organs and stimuli

Sensory Organs eye ear Stimuli light sound

skin
nose tongue

Touch, pressure, pain,heat,cold

Chemical vapour ( smell) Chemical substances ( taste )

 Nervous pathway from stimulus to response: StimulusSensory organs nervesBrain nervesResponse

SENSE OF TOUCH

Skin The skin is made up of two layers- the epidermis, and the dermis. There are many different types of receptors in the skin.

 -Pain receptors are at the skin surface. They are branched and respond to intense stimuli. -Some touch receptors are attached to the base of our hair. -Pressure receptors are in the fatty layer. It is used to detect pressure exerted on the skin. -Heat receptors are located below the epidermis. It detects heat or any rise of temperature. -Cold receptors are also located below the epidermis. It detects a cold substances or any fall in temperature.

 The number of receptors varies in different parts of our body. The sensitivity of the skin depends on two factors: The thickness of the epidermis The number of receptors

SENSE OF SMELL Nose is the sensory organ for smell Nostril are holes in the nose. The nostril open into a hollow space called nasal cavity. The roof of the nasal cavity has many sensory cells or smell receptors to detect smell. The nasal cavity is also line with mucus. Mucus warms and moistens air current before it enters the lungs. Hairs in the nostrils traps dust and dirt in the air so that only clean air can enters the lungs.

HUMAN NOSE
SENSORY CELLS

MUCUS

NASAL CAVITY

NOSTRIL

Detection of Smell
1 Chemicals ( for example, in food and flowers ) present in inhaled air 2 Chemical particles enter the nasal cavity. 3 Chemicals dissolves in mucus lining. 5 The brain identifies the smell. 4

Smells receptors stimulated and send out nerve impulses to the brain.

Pathway for the detection of smell

During Flu
A person having a cold cannot detects smell well. This is because the sensory cells are covered with a lot mucus. The mucus prevents the chemicals from stimulating the smell receptors.

SENSE OF TASTE The sensory organ for taste is tongue. The four basic tastes are sweet, salty, sour and bitter. The surface of the tongue is covered with taste buds. Each taste bud contains many taste receptors. Taste receptors are sensitive to chemicals in food. These chemicals must dissolve in saliva before they can stimulate the taste receptors

Detection of Taste
1 When we chew food, Chemicals in the food dissove in the saliva 2 Dissolved chemicals stimulate taste receptors to produce nerve impulses.

3 4 The brain identifies the taste.

Nerve impulses travel along the nerves to the brain.

Pathway for the detection of taste

SENSE OF HEARING The ear is the sensory organ for hearing that is sensitive to sound stimuli. The human ear can be divided into three main parts : a) Outer ear b) Middle ear c) Inner ear

Human Ear
Ossicles

Oval Window

Auditory Nerve

Part
Outer Ear (air)

Part of ear Pinna (cuping telinga)

Ear /Auditory Canal Eardrum (gegendang telinga)

Functions Collects and direct sound waves to the ear canal

Directs sound waves to the ear drum Vibrates when sound waves hit it

Middle Ear (air)

Ossicles

Amplify sound vibrations about 20 times and passes them to the oval window
Transfer vibrations of the ossicles to the cochlea Equalises the air pressure on both side of the eardrum Detects vibration and send them into nerve impulse Send nerve impulse to the brain Help us keep our balance.

Oval Window (tingkap bujur) Eustachian Tube Cochlea Inner Ear ( in liquids) Auditory Nerve Semicircular canals (salur separuh bulat)

The pathway of sound waves in the ear

Sound waves Pinna Auditory Canal

Cochlea

Oval window

Ossicles

Eardrum

Impulse

Auditory Nerves Impulse

Brain

SENSE OF SIGHT

The eyes are sensory organs of sight which are sensitive to light. The wall of the eyeball is made up of three layers: a) Sclera b) Choroid c) Retina

Human Eye

Part Sclera Choroid

Function Protects and give shape of the eye Black pigmented layer that absorbs light and prevents the reflection of light in the eye Detects light stimulus and send nerve impulse to the brain Allows light to enter the eye. Helps to focus light onto the retina by bending the light rays passing through it.

Retina

Cornea

Part Conjunctiva iris Pupil Lens

Function Protects the cornea Controls the size of pupil Controls the amount of light entering the eye Focuses light so that an image form on the retina

Ciliary muscles Suspensory ligaments Aqueos Humour Vitreous Humour Yellow Spot

Contracts and relaxes t o change the thickness of the lens Holds the lens in its position Helps to reflect light and helps to focus the image onto the retina Help to maintain the shape of the eyeball The most sensitive part on the retina to light Detected light or images that fall on it and converts them into nerve impulses The part that is not sensitive to light Any image form here is not detected Carries nerve impulses from the retina to the brain to be interpreted

Blind Spot Optic Nerve

The path of light rays entering the eye.

a
Cornea Aques Humour pupil

Impulse

Retina

Vitreous Humour

Eye Lens

Optic Nerves

Impulse

Brain

How do we see ??

LIGHT & SIGHT

Properties of light 1) Light is a form of energy that travels at the speed of 3.0x108 ms-1. (300 000 000 meter per second)

Diagram : speed of light from the Earth to the Moon

2) Light travels in a straight line within the same medium. 3) Light is reflected when it hits an opaque surface. 4) Light is refracted when it travels from one transparent medium to another

Reflection of light
Light which falls on an opaque object may be absorbed or reflected Reflection takes place when light rays which falls on the surface of an opaque object bounces off it. A smooth and shiny opaque surface, such as plane mirror reflects nearly all the light rays that fall on it. The amount and direction of the reflected light depend on the type of surface the light falls on.

The reflection of light

90o line (normal)

Incident ray

Reflected ray

Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection

Type of surface
(a) Smooth and flat surfaces such as mirrors, glass and shiny metal.

Incident ray

Reflected ray

Flat Surface

 (b) rough an uneven surfaces such as cloth and wood

Incident ray Reflected ray

Rough an Uneven surface

1) Plane mirrors in bathroom or bedrooms

2) Side mirrors and rear-view mirror used in cars

Application of reflection of light in daily life

5) Kaleidescopes

3) Convex and concave mirror in shops and roads.

4) Periscopes

Refraction of light

Medium such as air, water and glass Two different medium

Different densities

Different speed of light

 Refraction of light takes place when light travels through two different media with different densities at an angle. The speed of light changes when it moves from one medium to another with a different density, which causes the light to be refracted (bent).
(i)

(r)

 A line drawn at right angles to the boundary between the two media (air and glass) is called a normal.

Light which enters a glass block along a normal does not change direction

 When a ray of light enters a glass block at an angle other than the normal it changes speed and direction as shown below

In going from a less dense medium (air) to a more dense medium (glass) light bends towards the normal. This means that i > r (the angle i is greater than the angle r). In going from a more dense to a less dense medium (glass to air), light bends away from the normal.

DEFECTS 0F VISION Defects of the eye occur when the image does not fall on the retina The usual eye defects are : a) Short-sightedness b) Long-sightedness c) Astigmatisme c) Colour blindness

SHORT-SIGHTEDNESS (Myopia)

LONG-SIGHTEDNESS (Hyperopia)

SHORT-SIGHTEDNESS (Myopia)

LONG-SIGHTEDNESS (Hyperopia)

ASTIGMATISME
Astigmatism is caused by the irregular surface of the cornea. The eye is unable to focus objects into clear image.(blurred vission) Corrected by using cylindrical lenses or by surgery

Convex And Concave Lenses

COLOUR BLINDNESS
Color Normal Color Deficient

Limitation of the sense of sight. 1) Optical Illusion - Sometimes what we see is different from real situation . The brain cannot interpret accurately what is seen by the eye.(confusion of brain) 2) Blind Spot - Image that fall on the blind spot cannot be detected

OPTICAL ILLUSION

Stereoscopic And Monocular Visions.

1) Both eyes at the front of head 2) Field of vision narrow and overlapping 3) Can estimate distance accurately 4) Humans and predators like lions,owls and cat.

1) Both eyes at the side of head 2) Field of vision wide and does not overlap 3) Cannot estimate distance accurately 4) Herbivors or preys like fish, rat and zebra.

SOUND AND HEARING

1) Sound is a form of energy which is produced by vibrations. 2) Properties of sound : a) Sound need medium to travel. Sound can travel through solid,liquids and gases. Sound cannot travel through vacumm b) Travels faster through solid than through liquid. c) Travels slowest through air as air particles are far apart. d) Can be reflected and absorbed when it hits a surface.

 Sound cannot travel through vacumm

Echo
Reflected sound is called an echo

5) The application of the reflection of sound include : - Determining the depth of the sea - Determining the presence of fish under the sea by fisherman. - Determining the distance by bats and dolphins to help their movements

Reflection and Absorption of Sound

Good sound reflectors/poor sound absorber
Hard and smooth surface. Eg: Concrete wall, tunnels, glass and metal.

Good sound absorber /poor sound reflectors

Soft and rough surfaces Eg : Carpets,curtains, cotton,sponge, soft boards.

Hearing defects
Deafness. 1. Damage of Outer and middle ear a) results from wax blockage, a punctured eardrum, birth defects or ear infections. b) Damage can be treated medically or surgically. 2. Damage of inner ear a) Damage of receptors in cochlea b) Damage can be treated using hearing aid.

Limitation of hearing
A person with normal sense of hearing can only detect sounds between 20Hz and 20000 Hz (hertz). We cannot hear very soft sounds such as our heartbeats

Stereophonic Hearing

Hearing using both ears Enables us to determine the direction of the sound accurately. The direction of sound is difficult to determine by using only one ear.

Stethoscope

Loud-speaker

Hearing Devices

Michrophone

Hearing aid

Stimuli and response in plants. 1) Plants can detects and responds to stimuli around them. 2) The response by plants towards stimuli is called tropism. 3) There are two type of tropism : Positive tropism- response by plants towards stimuli Negative tropism- response by plants away from stimulus 4) Plants respond to light,gravity and water. Other stimuli include touch, temperature and chemicals.

HYDROTROPISM
The growth movement of a plant in response to water. The roots grow towards the water source ( positive hydrotropism ) The shoots grow away from the water source (negative hydrotropism) The stimulus of water is stronger than gravity for the roots. Advantage : Enables plants to obtain water

GEOTROPISM
The growth movement of a plant in response to gravity. The roots always grow downwards in the direction of gravity ( positive geotropism ) The shoots grow upwards away from gravity (negative geotropism) Advantage : Supports the plants and enables the roots to penetrate deep into the soil to find water and to anchor firmly into the soil for support.

PHOTOTROPISM
The growth movement of a plant in response to light. The shoots (leaves and stem) of the plants grow in the direction of the light source. ( positive phototropism ) The roots grow in the opposite direction of the light source(negative phototropism) Advantage : Enables plants to obtain sunlight for photosynthesis.

THIGMOTROPISM
response by plants to contact with a solid structure. Many climbing tree are too weak to support their own weight. So they rely on other object to keep them upright. The tendrils shows a positive response of thigmotropism. Example of plant : cucumber and bitter gourd. Plants such as the morning glory and the bean plant use their stems to twine around other plants or structures Advantage : Supports the plants

response by plants to contact with a solid structure.

Nastic Movements (seismonasty)

Mimosa plant

Venus Fly

 The leaves of the touch-me-not plant (mimosa plant) close because of the stimulus of touch. Advantage: acts as defence.

Pitcher plant

TROPISM
Type of tropism Phototropism Geotropism Stimulus Light Gravity

Hydrotropism
Thigmotropism Nastic movement (seismonasty)

Water
Touch (solid structure) Touch