NAME : C.

YAMINI
GROUP :34
SEMESTER :01

TOPIC :SENSE ORGANS

(EYES,NOSE,EAR,TONGUE)
SENSE ORGANS
• The sense organs are eyes, ear, nose, tongue they help to protect the
body. The human sense organs contain receptors that relay
information through sensory neurons to the appropriate places within
the nervous system.
• Each sense organs contains different receptors.
• Sense organs are the organs that respond to external stimuli by
conveying impulses to sensory nervous
Structure of eye
• It is mainly responsible for vision, differentiate approximately 10-12
million colours
• From the muscles and tissues to nerves and blood vessels, every part
of the human eye is responsible for a certain action.
• Eye is not perfectly spherical, it is two separate segments fused
together.
• It is made upup of several muscles and tissues that come together to
form a roughly spherical structure.
• The human eye can be broadly classified into 1)external structure
2)internal structure
External structure of an eye
• It includes the 1)sclera 2)conjunctiva 3) cornea 4)iris 5)pupil
• Sclera: t is a white visible portion. It is made up of dense connective
tissue and protects the inner parts.
• Conjunctiva: It lines the sclera and is made up of stratified squamous
epithelium.it keeps our eyes moist and clear and provides lubrication
by secreting mucus and tears.
• Cornea: It is transparent, anterior or front part of our eye, which
covers the pupil and the iris . the main function is to refract the light
along with the lens.
• Iris : it is the pigmented, coloured portion of the eye, visible externally.
The main function of the iris is to control the diameter of the pupil
according to the light source.
• Pupil: It is the small aperture located in the centre of the iris. It allows
light to enter and focus on the retina.
Internal structure of an eye
• It includes 1)lens 2)Retina 3)optic nerve 4)aqueous humour
5)vitreous humour
• Lens: It is a transparent, biconvex, lens of an eye. The lens is attached
to the ciliary body by ligaments. The les along with cornea refracts
light so that it focuses on the retina.
• Retina: it is the innermost layer of the eye. It is light sensitive and
acts as a film of a camera. Three layers of neural cells are present in
them, they are ganglion , bipolar and photoreceptor cells. It converts
the image into electrical nerve impulses for the visual perception by
the brain.
• Aqueous humour: it is a watery fluid present between the cornea
and the lens. It nourishes the eye and keeps it inflated.
• Vitreous humour: it is a transparent, jelly like substance present
between lens and the retina. It contains water(99%), collage, proteins,
etc.
• The main function of vitreous humour is to protect eyes and maintain
its spherical shape.
Mechanism of eye
• The light rays from the object pass through the cornea and the lens.
• These are focused on the retina of the eye. It generates an action
potential which is carried via bipolar neurons and ganglion cells and
further conducted by the optic nerves to the visual cortex of the
brain.
• Photons of light falling on the light-sensitive cells of the retina are
converted into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain by
the optic nerve and interpreted as sight and vision.
Functions of the eye
• Light enters the eye through the cornea, the clear the front surface of
the eye, which acts like camera lens.
• The iris works much like the diaphragm of a camera controlling how
much light reaches the back of the eye. It does this by automatically
adjusting the size of the pupil which, in this scenario, functions like a
camera aperture.
• The eye’s crystalline lens sits just behind the pupil and acts like
autofocus camera lens, focusing on close and approaching objects.
• The optic nerve then transmits these signals to the visual cortex of
the brain which creates our sense of sight.
• Focused by the cornea and the crystalline lens, the light makes its
way to the retina. This is the light sensitive lining in the back of the
eye. Think of the retina as the electronic image into electronic signals
and send then to the optic nerve.
 STRUCTURE OF EAR
• The human ear consists of three parts 1)outer ear
2)middle ear
3)inner ear
• Outer ear: the outer ear is the external portion of the eear and
includes the fleshy visible pinna (also called auricle ) theear canal and
the outer layer of the eardrum(also called tympanic membrane).
• The pinna consists of the curving outer rim called the helix, the inner
curved rim called the antihelix, and opens into the ear canal.
• The hollow region in front of the ear canal is called the concha. The
first part of the canal is surrounded by cartilage while the second part
near the eardrum is surrounded by bone.
• The ear canal ends at the external surface of the eardrum.
• The external auditory meatus leads inwards and extends upto
the tympanic membrane
Middle ear
• The middle ear lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It
consists of an air-filled cavity called tympanic cavity and includes the
three ossicles and their attaching ligaments, the auditory tube and the
round and oval windows. The ossicles are three small bones that
function together to receive, to receive, amplify, and transmit the
sound from eardrum to the inner ear.
• The ossicles are the malleus(hammer), incus(anvil),and the stapes
(stirrup)
• The stapes is the smallest bone in the body
• Middle ear connects to upper throat at the nasopharynx via the
pharyngeal opening of the eustachian tube.
• The three ossicles transmit sound from the outer ear to the inner ear.
• The malleus receives vibrations from sound pressure on the eardrum,
where it is connected at its longest part by a ligament.
• Transmits the vibrations to the incus, and turn transmits vibrations to the
incus, and then to the stapes bone
• The wide base of the stapes rests on the oval window. As the stapes
vibrates, vibrations are transmitted through the oval window, causing
movement of fluid within the cochlea.
• The round window allows for the fluid within the inner ear to move.
middle ear
Inner ear
• The inner ear sits within the temporal bone ina complex cavity called
the bony labyrinth. A central area known as the vestibule contains
two small fluid filled recesses, the utricle and saccule.
• The cochlea is a spiral shell-shaped organ responsible for the sense of
hearing. These structure together create the membranous labyrinth.
• The bony labyrinth refers to the bony compartment which contains
the membrane labyrinth, contained within the temporal bone. The
inner ear structurally begins at the oval window. Which receives
vibrations are transmitted into the inner ear into a fluid called
endolymph, which fills the membranous labyrinth.
The endolymph is situated in two vestibules, the utricle and saccule, and
Eventually transmits to the cochlea. A spiral shaped structure
• The cochlea consists of three fluid filled spaces the vestibular duct, the
Cochlear duct, and tympanic duct, hair cells responsible for transduction
Changing mechanical changes into electrical stimuli are present in the organ
Of corti in the cochlea.
 Functions of ear
• To funnel and conduct sound to the middle ear.
• Pinna collect soundwaves and direct to tympanic membranes
• The tympanic membrane vibrates when sound waves hit it,
transmitting the sound to the middle
• A reflex tightens the ear drum in response to loud, low pitched
sounds this reduces the sound transmitted to the ear and products
our hearing
 Middle ear functions :
• Couples sound energy to cochlea.
• It serves as an acoustic transformer to match the impedance air to the
Much higher impedance of the cochlear fluids.
• Conduction, protection, transducer, amplifier

Inner ear functions :

• Convert mechanical sound waves to neural impulses that can be recognised
By the brain for hearing, balance
• The inner ear is also important for balance.
Mechanism of ear
• The bones in the middle ear amplify, or increase, the sound vibrations
and send them to the cochlea. Once the vibrations cause the fluid
inside the cochlea to ripple, a travelling wave forms along the basilar
membrane ride to the wave.
• Sound waves enter the outer ear and travel through the external
auditory canal until they reach the tympanic membrane, causing the
membrane and the attached chain of auditory ossicles to vibrate.
• The auditory nerve carries this electrical signal to the brain, which
turns it into a sound that we recognize and understand.
• The eardrum vibrates from the incoming sound waves and sends these
vibrations to three tiny bones in the middle ear,malleus, incus, stapes.
Structure of nose
• The external nose consists of paired nasal bones and upper and lower
cartilages.
• Internally, the nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into a right and
left side.
• The lateral nasal wall consists of inferior and middle turbinates and
occasionally a superior or tubinate bone.
Functions of nose
• Breathing
• Air conditioning of inspired air
• Protection of lower airway
• Nasal resistance
• As it passes over the specialized cells of the olfactory system, the
brain recognizes and identifies smells.
• Hair in the nose clean the air of foreign particles.
 Mechanism of nose

• Air comes into the body through the nose.

• As it passes over the specialized cells of the olfactory system,
the brain recognizes and identifies smells.
• Hairs in the nose clean the air of foreign particles.
• As air moves through the nasal passages, it is warmed and
Humidified before it goes into the lungs.
Structure of tongue
• The tough consists of striated muscle and occupies the floor of the
mouth.
• The dorsal mucosal surface consists of stratified squamous
epithelium, with numerous papillae and taste buds.
• The tongue, a voluntary muscular structure, is attached by a fold,
called the frenulum, to the floor of the mouth.
Functions of tongue
• The tongue is vital for chewing and swallowing food,as well as for
speech.
• The tongue has many nerves that help detect and transmit taste
signals to the brain.
• Functions as a by facilitating the movement of food during
mastication and assisting swallowing.
• The tough consists of straited muscle and occupies the floor of the
mouth.
Mechanism of tongue :
• Chewing, grinding, pressing, salivating. When we chew, the tongue
and the cheeks work together to constantly move the food between
the teeth so that it can be chewed.
• The tongue presses the crushed food against the palate and moves
This bolus, which is then ready to be swallowed, to the throat.

Thankyou