THE WORLD THROUGH OUR SENSES

Receptor
Our body have different types of receptors
. These are:

pain receptor
touch receptor
heat receptor
cold receptor
pressure receptor

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Human skin

Try to answer
A
B

5
6

2
7
3
4

The degree of sensitivity of the skin depends on the:

1.Thickness of the epidermis

The thinner the epidermis, the more

sensitive the skin is to the stimulus
2. Number of receptors present PMR 05

The more receptors found on the skin

the more sensitive is that part of the
skin.

Other functions of the human skin.

Water proof
prevent water loss from skin.
Prevents entry of microorganisms that cause
illnesses.
Remove waste products

excess water, urea and mineral salts.

Produces Vitamin D in the presence of the
sunlight.
Stabilise body temperature

Fill in the blank with the suitable terms given in the

box.
Receptors
thickness
thinner
sense of touch
touch
more number
The skin is an organ of __________________
There are five types of __ ___ in the skin sensitive to
various stimuli.
The sensitivity of the skin depends on the ___________ of
the epidermis and the ____________ receptors on the skin.
The ____________ the epidermis, the more sensitive it is to
stimulus.
The ________ receptors there are on the skin, the more
sensitive it is to stimulus.
Blind people use their ____ to help them read Braille

Human Tongue

Try these
6

1
3

4
5

PMR
2012

Human nose

Try to answer .
G

H
I
J
K
L

C
D
E

Sense of smell
When we have a cold or
flu, a lot of mucus is
produce.
The
smell
receptors
are
surrounded by this thick
layer of mucus and vary
little of chemical vapor
gets
to
the
smell
receptors. Therefore, the
smell receptors do not
get stimulated enough
to effectively function as
a sensory organ of smell.

The sensitivity of the nose towards stimuli is

influenced by the following factors: PMR 05

The strength of the smell. A stronger

smell will be detected by the nose
easily compared with a weaker smell.
The presence of mucus in the nose. A
lot of mucus will reduce the
sensitivity of the nose.

Human ear

A human ear has three main part.

1. the outer ear, filled with air.
2. The middle ear, filled with air.
3. The inner ear, filled with liquid

Human ear

Try to answer

Tes
t

FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE HUMAN EAR

Part

function

OUTER EAR
Pinna

collects and directs sound waves into the ear canal.

ear canal / auditory canal

transmits sound waves to the eardrum.

Eardrum

vibrates and transmits sound waves to the ossicles.

MIDDLE EAR
Ossicles

intensify the vibrations of the sound waves by 22 times before

transmitting to the oval window.

Eustachian tube

balances the air pressure at both side of the eardrum.

oval window

transmits sound vibrations from the middle ear to the inner

ear.

INNER EAR
Cochlea

transforms sound vibrations into impulses.

semicircular canals

balance the body position.

auditory nerves

send messages to the brain which interprets the messages as

sound.

Stereophonic hearing
Stereophonic hearing is hearing using both
ears.
The advantages of stereophonic hearing:
enables the direction of the source of hearing to
be detected more accurately.
This is because the ear nearer the source of
sound receives sound louder and earlier than
the other ear.
Animals that have stereophonic sound can
detect the presence of preys and predators
more quickly.

Properties of sound
sound can transferred through;
solids
liquids
gases
cannot be transferred through in
vacuum.
(particles in solids and liquids are closer each other compared to the molecules in gases. Vacuum is space that
does not have any particles.)

The range of frequencies of hearing in man is 20 Hz until 20 000 Hz.

shows the range of frequencies of hearing of several animals:

The following table

Different people have different limitations of hearing.

ANIMAL
snake
frog
dog
cat
bat
grasshopper
whale
Human

Frekuansi
100-800Hz
50-10 000Hz
10-50 000Hz
60-60 000Hz
1000-120 000Hz
100-15 000Hz
10-50Hz
20hz 20 000 hz

Experiment

PKBS 1 2012 F2

Reflection and absorption of sound

Sound can be reflected or absorbed by the surface
of an object.
The sound reflected repeatedly from one surface is
known as echo.
Surfaces that are smooth, even and hard are good
sound reflectors and produce loud echo. For
examples, concrete, plank, metal and mirror
Surfaces that are rough, hollow and soft are good
sound absorbers and produce weak echo. For
examples cloth, sponge, cork, rubber, carpet and
cushion.

To overcome the limitations of hearing, we use

i. the stethoscope
enables doctor to detect the soft
heartbeats of patients.
ii. hearing aids
collects sound signals before being
sent to the middle ear.
iii. amplifier
boosts weak sound signals.

Human eye

choroi
d

Human eye

Human eye

Human eye

FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT PARTS

OF THE HUMAN EYE
Part
Sclera
cornea

Structure /
characteristi
c

Function
Maintains the shape of the eyeball
Protects the eyeball
rybb

Choroids
Conjunctiva
iris
pupil
Lens PMR 04
ciliary muscle
supportive
ligament
vitreous humour
aqueous humour
Retina PMR 2011
optic nerve

Transparent
and Refracts and focuses light onto the retina.
elastic convex lens

Human eye

Yellow
spot

Daily activities

bright room

dark room

iris
pupil

Daily activities

Stereoscopic vision
- using both eyes.
predator
Advantages
See threedimensional pictures
of objects.
Enables more
accurate estimation
of distance and
position.

Disadvantages
A narrow vision field.

Monocular vision.

using only one eye.

prey
Advantages
having a wide
vision field.

Disadvantages
cannot estimate
distance accurately.

Experiment Textbook pages

20

Mechanism of Sight PMR 03, 07

The eye lens focuses the image onto
the retina by changing the thickness
of the eye lens. The thickness of the
lens is changed by the cilliarry
muscles.
i.Focusing near objects
To focus near objects onto the retina,
the cilliarry muscles contract. The
eye lens become thicker.

ii. focusing distant object.

To focus distant objects onto the
retina, the cilliarry muscles relax.
The eye lens becomes thinner.

Reflection of light

Contoh, BOMBA, POLIS

Rough surface

Flat, shiny, smooth

BOMBA

Device used concept

reflection

Kalaideskop tak guna concept reflection

Reflection of light

Refraction of light

Refraction of light

Refraction of light

Smooth, shiny, flat

A

E
H
G
I

Less dense

denser

Short sightedness

Causes:
1. Eye ball is too big
2. Eye lens is to thick.
Correction:
Wearing concave lens

Long sightedness

Causes:
1. Eye ball is too small
2. Eye lens is to thin.
Correction:
Wearing convex lens

Comparison between SS
and LS

Astigmatis
m
Light
is
refracted to
multiple
areas of the
retina.
This defect can
be
overcome
by
wearing
glasses
with
cylindrical
lenses
or
contact lens or
by surgery.

Astigmatism

Experiment short
sightedness
&
long
Instructions
sightedness
1)
2)
3)
4)

First, I want you to form groups of

four. In your group, discuss why some
people wear glasses
Next, I want you to look at the first
picture on the screen
Click and drag the picture from left to
right. Observe what happens to the
image
Then, repeat the activity on the
second and third pictures

Questions
1)

Why do some people wear glasses?

2)

What is the cause of short

sightedness?

3)

Where does the image fall when a

short sighted person look at a far
object?

4)

What kind of lens is used to correct

short sightedness?

Formative Assessment

Types of Defects

1) Short sightedness

2) Long sightedness

3) Astigmatism

Able to see
close/near
objects
(clear/blur)

Able to see
distant
object
(clear/blur)

Types of lens
used to
correct
defects

Complete the diagram

Short sightedness

The image falls _______ of the retina

Long sightedness

The image falls ______of the retina

Short sightedness & long

sightedness

Optical illusion

Optical illusion

Blind spot

The blind spot is a spot on the retina of the eye that cannot
detect light stimulus.
The image of the object formed at the blind spot cannot be
seen by the eye because there are no light-sensitive cells
(photoreceptors) at the blind spot.

Tropism

Plant response to external stimulus

Plants grow towards stimulus called positive tropism
Plants grow away from stimulus called negative tropism

Anhydrous
Calcium
chloride

Phototropism
Response to light.

Hydrotropism
Response to water

Geotropis
m
Response to gravity

Thigmotropism
Response to touch
move towards to
obtain support

Nastic movement

Response to touch
Move - run away

Penutup
1. Baca Surah Al-`Ashr

2. Tasbih Kifarah.

The end