HEREDITY:

INHERITANCE AND
VARIATION OF TRAITS
THE CELL CYCLE AND
STAGES OF MITOSIS
It pertains to the processes happening
within the cell as it prepares and
executes cell division.
 Also called non-
dividing stage

 Cell is most active

metabolically.
- Cell increases in size.
o Duplication of
genetic material
 Synthesizes proteins
 Duplicates some organelles
 Cell continues to increase in size
 Final preparation
 Dividing stage

• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
 Nucleus

• Karyokinesis

Mitosis
Meiosis
 Cytoplasm

• Cytokinesis

- Plant cell (Cell plate)

- Animal cell (Cleavage furrow)
2 KINDS OF CELL DIVISION
• In this stage, the nuclear
membrane and nucleolus begin to
breakdown. The chromatins
change until they become double-
stranded and are called
chromatids.
• The double-stranded
chromosomes are connected at
one point by a centromere.
Spindle fibers later become well
developed.
• The double -
stranded
chromosomes called
chromatids align
themselves at the
equator of the cell.
• Each chromatid is
attached to the
spindle by a
structure in the
centromere called
kinetochore.
• Forces originating from
the poles pull the
chromatids to move.
• Consequently, the
centromere splits,
separating the
chromatids into new,
single-stranded
chromosomes.
• The chromosomes then
migrate toward their
respective poles.
• Telophase is the final stage of mitosis.
The chromosomes now have reached
the opposite poles.
• At the poles, the chromosomes uncoil,
and the nucleolus and nuclear
membrane begin to reform.
• Simultaneously, the cytoplasm divides
and a plasma membrane partitions the
cell into two.
• The formation of the new plasma
membrane completely divides the cell
into two identical daughter cells.
• Remember that during mitosis, two things
happen.
• First, the nucleus divides (karyokinesis); second,
the cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis).
• The whole process takes about 5-10 minutes as
in the case of some animal embryos and 20
minutes in a dividing bacterium.
 MEIOSIS -

CELL REPRODUCTION OF
GAMETES
46
23
• It takes place in the ovaries and testes of animals, including
humans.
• It is responsible for the formation of gametes or sex cells-
(sperm cell and egg cell).
 Synapsis
 Crossing - over
 Each pair of homologous
chromosome is attached to a
spindle fiber
 One double stranded
chromosome moves
to one pole
 Two nuclei are
produced
PROPHASE
II
METAPHA
SE II
ANAPHAS
E II
TELOPHAS
E II
GAMETOGENESIS
• A gametogenesis which leads to the production
of sperm cells is spermatogenesis. On the other
hand, the production of egg cells is called
oogenesis.
1. Pairing of homologous chromosomes and crossing-
over takes place in this stage of meiosis.
2. Exchange of genetic material between maternal and
paternal chromosome.
3. A phase similar to mitosis.
4. It disintegrates during the formation of an egg cell.
5. A group of four sister chromatids because of the
pairing of homologous chromosomes.
MEIOSIS AS CELL DIVISION OF
REPRODUCTIVE CELLS
• Each species of living organisms has a characteristics number of
chromosomes. For example, a pea plant has 14, a dog has 78, a horse has 64,
and a goldfish has 94. This chromosome number is the organism's diploid
number, symbolized as 2N.
• Diploid means two sets of homologous chromosomes. The human body, as
well those of the other multicellular organisms, is made up of diploid cells.
• Half of these chromosomes came from the mother, and the other half came
from the father.
• In order to maintain the chromosome number of a particular species from
one generation to the next, another type of cell division evolved among
sexually reproducing species; this remarkable process is called meiosis.
STAGES OF MEIOSIS
• Meiotic cell division is divided into two main stages: Meiosis I and
Meiosis II.
• Each stage is divided into four sub-stages Meiosis I: Prophase I,
Metaphase I, Anaphase I, and Telophase I; and Meiosis II: Prophase
II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, and Telophase II