INTRODUCTION TO

LINGGUISTIC
 THE ORIGIN OF
LANGUAGES
1. The devine source (thần thánh)
- Language of God
- 2 children were grown with goat and said bakos, but it is similar to the sound of
goat  difficult to agree

2. The natural sound sources

- bow-wow theory: animals
- pooh-pooh theory: emotions

3. The social interaction source

- “yo-he-yo” theory: physical effort in a social context
(ví dụ như khi vác đồ nặng thì con người sẽ phát ra tiếng  signal)
 Create sound to make signals

4. The physical adaptation source

Physical features humans possess
(dáng đứng ảnh hưởng đến âm thanh phát ra  anh Luân lên làm ví dụ)
4.1. Teeth, lips, mouth, larynxs and pharynx
Human has: - upright teeth: helpful when making sounds /f/ or /v/
- flexible lips: sound /p/ or /b/
- small mouth: open and close rapidly
- smaller, thicker tongue: shape a wide variety of sounds
4.2. The tool-making sound source
- brain
- combine sounds

5. The genetic source

As we are human, we can talk (newborn, DNA, gene)

 
 ANIMALS AND HUMAN
LANGUAGE
I. Communication
5. Culture transmission
- Human language is acquired in culture
- comunicative signals: giving information intentionally (say something) - Human in isolation produce no instinctive language
- informative signals: giving information unintentionally (behavior, outfit,
accent, etc) 6. Duality (double articulation)
 distinction between human and animal communication based on - Human language: combining individual sounds (sound level) to produce words
intentional communicative signals (meaning level)
Example: n, I, b  nib, bin
II. Properties of human language - Animal language: fixed forms that cannot be broken down or combined
1. Reflexivity
- Using language to think and talk about itself III. Talk to animals
Example: her language was quite informal in that formal situation 1. Chimpanzees and spoken language
-Other creatures cannot reflect on their communicative Gua: could understand, could not say
Viki: could produce some simple words with poor articulation
2. Displacement
- Human can talk about things and events do not present in immediate 2. Chimpanzees and sign languages
environment Washoe: could learn and use signs for more than a hundred words
- Bee communication has an extremely limited property of displacement could combine these signs to produce sentences
-Other creatures communicate about things happen now could invent novel forms
Sarah and Lana: could use symbols to communicate
3. Productivity (creativity/ open-endedness) could produce sentences
- Human can continually create new expressions and novel utterances Kanzi: could use over 250 forms of sign language
Example: Google là tên công ty nhưng bây giờ có thể dùng như động từ could understand spoken language
“you can google it” like a two-and-a-half-year-old human child

4. Arbitrariness (tính võ đoán – cannot explained)

IV. Using language
- Human language: no natural connection between a linguistics form and its
- A type of communication system observed in a variety of different situations
meaning
- Broad sense: interaction using a symbol system
- Onomatopeic word (từ tượng thanh): less arbitrary connection
- Unlike human, animals cannot develop a highly complex system of sounds and
- Animal language: clear connection between messages and signals:
structures.
consisting of a fixed and limited of vocal and gesture
 THE SOUNDS OF LANGUAGE
I. Phonetics
- Articulatory phonetics: the study of how speech are made or articulated IV. Manners of articulation
- Acoustic phonetics: the physical properties of speech as sound waves in 1. Stop: air released (completely stopping the airflow)
air /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/
- Auditory phonetics: the perception, via the ear, of speech sounds 2. Fricative: forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two
articulators close together
II. Voiced and voiceless sound /f/, /v/, /s/, /d/
3. Affricative: sequence of stop plus fricative
The air pushed out by the lungs up to the trachea (or windpipe) to the
/dʒ/, /tʃ/
larynx. Inside the larynx is your vocal folds.
4. Nasal: air through the nose
/m/, /n/
III. Place of articulation 5. Liquid: air can pass on one or both sides of the tongue
 Where the constriction of airflow takes place
/l/, /r/
1. Bilabials: 2 lips come together 6. Glide: free airflow
/p/, /b/, /m/ /w/, /j/
2. Labiodental: upper teeth and lower lip come together
Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
/f/, /v/
3. Dental: tongue in between upper and lower teeth
- + - + - + - + - + - + - +
/θ/, /ð/
4. Alveolar: tongue at or near the ridge behind the upper front teeth Stops p b t d k g
/t/, /d/, /s/
5. Palatal: a consonant articulated with the body of tongue raised against Fricative f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h
the hard palate
/ʃ/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/, /tʃ/ Affricative tʃ dʒ
6. Velar: at the velum or soft palate
/g/, /k/ Nasal m n ŋ
7. Glottal: at glottis or the space between the vocal folds
/h/ Liquids l, r

Glides w j
 THE SOUNDS OF LANGUAGE
*Short vowels:
V. Vowels /I/: close, front, slightly spread
All vowels are voiced height /e/: mid, front, slightly spread
part/ backness /æ/: open, front, slightly spread
lips posture /ʌ/: more open than mid, central, neutral
tense/ lax
/ɒ/: open, back, rounded
/ʊ/: close, back, rounded
Tongue part
Front Central Back /ə/ (schwa): mid, central, neutral
Close
• i: • u: *Long vowels:
• I /i:/: closer and more front than /I/, slightly spread
• ʊ
/ɜː/: mid, central, neutral
/a:/: more open and less back than /ɒ/, neutral
Tongue • ɔː /ɔː/: mid, back, rounded
height Mid • ə /u:/: closer and more back than /ʊ/, moderately rounded
• e • ɜː

• ʌ
• ɒ
• æ • ɑː
Open

 Tense/ lax (length)

 Lip posture: spread/ neutral, rounded
 THE SOUND PATTERNS OF *Common syllable structures:
V: I CV: do
LANGUAGE VC: am
CCV:
CVC: bat
VCC: and
Phonology men [m] CCVC: green CVCC: pick
Phoneme ten [
Phone pen [: aspirated (bật hơi mạnh) *Coarticulation effects
Allophone spin [p]: non-aspirated - Assimilation
stop [p]: unreleased - Elision

1. Assimilation of voicing
Syllable I have to
/v/ /f/
/s/, /t/, /o/, /p/ phonemes
2. Assimilation of place
sopt? syllable onset rhyme
- alveolar consonant + bilabial consonant
*phonotatics: consonant X: open that person
- alveolar consonant + velar consonant
giới hạn về cách kết cluster peak coda bright color
hợp các âm vị với (2 hoặc hơn consonants - alveolar consonant + dental consonant
nhau đứng gần nhau) nucleus V: that thing
closed syllable - alveolar consonant + palatal consonant
this shoe
3. Assimilation of manner
*onset: 1 or more cons - plosive consonant +fricative consonant
that side
rhyme: - plosive consonant + nasal consonant
nucleus: consists of a vowel good night
coda: vowel plus a following consonant(s) - plosive consonant/ nasal + ð
không có coda  open syllables: me, to, no in the
có coda  closed syllables: up, cup, at, hat
3 allophones của 1 phoneme *Elision
- Loss of vowel: tonight, potato
- Loss of consonant: asked, looked back
 WORD FORMATION
2. Borrowing
- The process of taking words from another languages
piano (Italian)
Etymology /ˌet̬ .ɪˈmɑː.lə.dʒi/: từ nguyên ngọc karaoke (Japanese)
- The study of the origin and history of a word dim sum (Chinese)
- There are many different ways in which new words can enter the - In some cases, the borrowed words may be used with quite
language different meaning
 Word formation process - Loan translation/ calque: the process of directly translating the
elements of a word into the borrowing language
1. Coinage to lose face: China
- The process of inventing totally new terms headhunter
- Common sources of coinage include invented traded names for skycraper
commercial products, concepts, or activities.
*commercial names:
Do you have any aspirin?  tên của một sản phẩm
My zipper’s stuck  tên của công ty
*IT
youtuber
Trump tweeted that…
tiktoker
- eponyms: new words based on the name of a person or a place
Example: sandwich, lazy susan
độ C: Celsius
độ F: Fahrenheit