Transduction

Transduction
Transduction means converting energy from
one form to another

 Acoustic transduction generally means

converting sound energy into an electrical
signal, or an electrical signal into sound

 Microphones and loudspeakers are acoustic

transducers
Acoustics and Psychoacoustic
 Electrodynamics transducer

Drive mechanism: Force F acting on a wire of length l

carrying current I and located in a magnetic field B:
F  B  l .I

the other way round, a voltage V is induced for a wire

moving with velocity u:
V  B  l .u
 Electrostatic transducer

Drive mechanism: Electrostatic force F acting on a plate

condenser of area S and distance x and for a voltage V:
2
 0 SV
F  2
2x
 0 Dielectric constant
 Transducer as an electrical network
I u
V F

V
Z EB  Blocked electrical impedance
I u0

V Free electrical impedance

Z EF 
I F 0

F Open-circuit mechanical impedance

Z mo 
u I 0

F Short-circuit mechanical impedance

Z ms 
u V 0
 V ( I , 0 )  Z EB I

If u is not zero and linear relationship with V

V  Z EB I  T em u 1

F ( 0 , u )  Z mo u

F  T me I  Z mo u 2

T em , T me are Transduction coefficient

If V=0 Z EB I   T em u F   T me T em / Z EB u  Z mo u
F / u   T me T em / Z EB  Z mo
k c2  T em T me / Z EB Z mo Z ms  (1  k c2 ) Z mo

Z EF  (1  k c2 ) Z EB
 Reciprocal Transducer

Tem  Tme  T V  Z EB I   Z EB u
F   Z EB I  Z mo u k 2   2 Z
c EB / Z mo
  T / Z EB
Z ms  Z mo   2 Z EB

Transformation factor is real and constant for more frequency of

interest

Z EB  Z EB  Z EB Z mo
I u
F
V Z EB
 V  Z EB I   Z EB u

F  Z ms u   V  Z ms u   ( Z EB I   Z EB u )
  Z EB I  (1  K c2 ) Z mo u   2 Z EB u   Z EB I  Z mo u

  T / Z EB k c2   2 Z EB / Z mo
Z ms  Z mo   2 Z EB
 1:
Zms
u
V
V ZEB F

Zms/2
I u
V ZEB F /
 Example

Crystal, ceramic and Electrostatic transducer

 Antireciprocal Transducer

V  Z EB I   M u Tem  Tme  M
F    M I  Z mo u
Z ms  Z mo   M2 / Z EB

Transformation factor is either real or complex and constant for

more frequency of interest
 I F
V u

Mechanical Dual

V  Z EF I   M Y mo F
Z mo  (1  k m2 ) Z ms
F   M Y mo I  Y mo F
k m2   M2 / Z EB Z ms
Y mo  1 / Z mo
 Z EF  M Ymo  M Ymo Z mo
I F
u
V  MYmo

M :1
ZEB

I M u M I u
V Ymo
 ZEB
F / M
I M u
V M2 Ymo
 S Where epsilon () is the dielectric constant
C0  S is the surface area
x0

q 0  C 0V 0

V  V 0  ( q  q 0 )( x  x 0 ) /  S
V  qx /  S  q 0 x /  S  qx 0 /  S  q 0 x 0 /  S  V 0
 qx 0 /  S  q 0 x /  S
q  q 0 , x  x 0
V  qx0 / S  q0 x / S
I q0 u I V0 u  j x
 x0 / S    u
j S j jC0 jx0 I  j q
1
Z EB 
j C 0

V 0
T em 
j x 0
 qq 0 qV 0 V0 I
f      
S x0 j x 0
F  f  Z mo u
V0 I
F   f  Z mo u   Z mo u
j x 0
V 0
T 
j x 0
  T / Z EB
C V
  0 0

x s
0
Z ms  R m  j (  m  )

Z ms  Z mo   2 Z EB
2 s
Z mo  Z ms   Z EB  R m  j ( m  )   2 Z EB

s'
 R m  j ( m  ) s'  s   2 / C0

 s
 
m
s
R m 

Z ms  (1  k c2 ) Z mo
Z ms
2
1 kc 
Z mo
2 Z ms s
kc  1  1 '
Z mo s
If electrical capacitance equivalent to short- circuit mechanical stiffness
2
C   / s
2
k c
 C /( C  C 0 )
Moving Coil Transducer
Z mo  R m  j (  m  s /  )

F   BlI  Z mo u

V  Blu  Z EB I

 M  Bl R M   M2 / R m
L M   M2 / s
C M  m /  M2
Z ms  Z mo   M2 / Z EB
Z ms  R m  j ( m  s /  )   M2 / Z EB
 R m  j ( m  ( s   M2 / L0 ) /  )
Z mo  (1  k m2 ) Z ms
2 Z mo
1 k m 
Z ms
Z mo
 1  ( M2 / L0 ) /( s   M2 / L0 )  1  LM /( LM  L0 )
Z ms
k m2  LM /( LM  L0 )