TRANSLATION

THEORY
Pijar Beyna Fatamorgana, S.KM, M.Sc
 What is translation?
• The transfer of thoughts and ideas from one
language (source) to another (target), whether
the languages are in written or oral form
 Meaning and Style
 Translation is not just a transfer of meaning
but also a style of language
 Translation Process
• Reading a text
• Understanding text:
linguistic &
extralinguistic
Source Language Text
Analysis: understanding the
meaning and structure of
the source language
Message Redirection
• Stylistic alignment
according to the target
• Looking for the equivalent language, reader or
of the source language listener
word in the target
language (inner process)
• Oral or written disclosure
Restructuring/alignment
 Types of Translation
• Word-for-word tranlation
• Free translation
• Literal translation
• Dynamic translation
• Pragmatic translation
• Esthetic-poetic translation
• Ethnographic translation
• Linguistic translation
• Communicative and Semantic translation
Word-for-word Translation

I like that
Saya menyukai
clever itu pintar
student anak

I will go to Saya akan pergi

Makassar ke Makassar
besok

tomorrow
 Free Translation

Untied to the search for the equivalent of

a word or sentence, but to the level of a
paragraph or discourse.

• Killing two birds with one stone =

menyelam sambil minum air
• Out of sight, out of mind = tak kenal maka
tak sayang
 Literal Translation
Source Word-for-word Literal Free
His Heart is in the Kepunyaannya hati Hatinya berada Dia baik hati
right place adalah dalam itu dalam di tempat
benar tempat yang benar
 Dynamic Translation
• Commonly called reasonable translation
• Source language messages are redirected
and expressed with expressions prevalent
in the target language
• Anything weird is avoided
 Pragmatic Translation
Prioritizing the accuracy of conveying information in the target
language in accordance with the information contained in the source
language. If necessary, the translator adds some information to clarify
the translation.
• White Cross Baby Powder is soft and smoothing. It absorbs moisture and keeps baby
cool and comfortable. It contains Chlorhexidine, and antiseptic widely used in hospitals
and clinics
• White Cross Baby Powder lembut dan halus, menyerap kelembaban, menjaga
kesegaran dan kenyamanan bayi anda. Mengandung Chlorhexidine 0.038% antiseptik
yang banyak digunakan di rumah sakit dan klinik-klinik

• For Baby: after bathing, dust generously over the skin, taking special care where the
skin folds and creases. Use after baby’s bath and every change.
• Untuk bayi: taburkan bedak pada seluruh kulit sehabis mandi, terutama pada
bagian- bagian lipatan kulit. Gunakan pada setiap menggantikan popok dan sehabis
mandi
 Ethnographic Translation
• Translators seek to explain the cultural
context of the source language in the target
language
• Sometimes a word is left in its original form.
The explanation is then given in the form of a
footnote.
 Linguistic Translation
• Translations containing implicit linguistic
information in the source language made
explicit
• Using meaning component analysis
– Harry is willing to help
• Harry is willing to help one
– Harry is difficult to help
• Harry is difficult for one to help
 Communicative and Semantic
Translation
• Communicative translation: fungsi terjemahan
sebagai alat komunikasi, menekankan
pengalihan pesan.
• Semantic translation: mengalihkan makna
kontekstual bahasa sumber sedekat mungkin
dengan struktur sintaksis dan semantik bahasa
sasaran
 Meaning in Translation
• Lexical meaning
– Makna unsur bahasa yang terlepas dari konteks atau penggunannya.
Disebut juga makna kamus karena makna kata dalam kamus terlepas
dari konteksnya.
• Grammatical meaning
– Makna ditentukan oleh hubungan antara unsur bahasa dalam
satuan yang lebih besar (hubungan kata dengan kata, frasa, atau
kalimat)
• Contextual or Situational meaning
– Makna yang sesuai dengan konteks atau situasi di mana kata
tersebut digunakan
• I really hate you, honey!
• Textual meaning
– Terkait dengan isi suatu teks atau wacana
• Interest= bunga (ekonomi), minat
• Nut= baut (teknik), kacang
• Socio-cultural meaning
– Erat kaitannnya dengan sosial budaya