END OF

TERM
STRUCTURE
GRADE 9 ADVANCED
BIOLOGY
Q.1. Identify the main functions of the human reproductive system
as: to reproduce and continue the existence of humans, to produce
the next generations, and to produce egg and sperm cells

• FSH and LH travel from

anterior pituitary gland
to the testes through
the blood stream.
• FSH promotes the
production of sperm.
• LH stimulates the
production and
secretion of
testosterone
Q.1. Identify the main functions of the human reproductive system
as: to reproduce and continue the existence of humans, to produce
the next generations, and to produce egg and sperm cells

• FSH and LH travel from

anterior pituitary gland
travel to the ovaries
through the blood
stream.
• This is how it controls
the levels of Estrogen
and Progesterone in
females.
Q.2. Explain the major phases that take place
during the menstrual cycle
Q.3. Identify the main functions of the human reproductive system
as: to reproduce and continue the existence of humans, to produce
the next generations, and to produce egg and sperm cells
• Gametes are formed through meiosis.
• In males, sperms are formed daily from primary
spermatocytes, beginning at puberty
throughout a male’s lifetime
• In females, all egg cells are present at birth and
they start to develop. All genetic material is
replicated in primary oocytes before birth, and
meiosis stops before the 1st meiotic division is
completed. After puberty, meiotic division
continues for a single oocyte in every menstrual
cycle.
• After 1st meiotic division the 2 oocytes are not
equal in size. The smaller structure is called 1st
polar body which breaks down.
• The 2nd meiotic division only takes place if
fertilization happens (sperm joining egg).
• This results in zygote and 2nd polar body which
also breaks down.
Q.4.Identify the main functions of the male reproductive systems to
include: testes, epididymis, scrotum, seminal vesicle, vas deferens, and
prostate gland
• The male reproductive cells/gametes ,
called sperm cells are made in the
testes.
• Sperm is made in the seminiferous
tubules in the testes.
• Sperms are stored in the epididymis.
• When sperm is released from the body,
it travels through the vas deferens a
duct leading away from the testis.
• There are two vas deferens, one for
each testis.
• They both join and enter the urethra.
• The urethra is the tube that carries the
semen and urine outside of the body
through the penis.
Q.5.Identify the main functions of the female reproductive
systems to include: ovaries, uterus, vagina, and oviduct
• The female reproductive system produces the egg cells.
• Egg cells are female reproductive cells/gametes found in
the ovaries.
• Inside each ovary are oocytes which are immature
eggs(not fully developed).
• Once every 28 days an oocyte is stimulated and an egg
called an ovum is made.
• The ovum is surrounded by follicle cells that provide
protection and nutrients.
• After the egg is released from the ovary it travels through
an oviduct, a tube that connects to the uterus.
• The uterus is where the baby is made before birth.
• Vagina is the opening through which the baby is delivered.
Q.6. Describe the specific events that occur within each stage of
meiosis I and meiosis II

• Meiosis is called reduction division.

• It has 2 stages – Meiosis I and Meiosis II
• Meiosis I starts with 1 cell which has 46
chromosomes.
• Prophase I in Meiosis I has 2 important processes
called SYNAPSIS and CROSSING OVER.
• Meiosis I ends with 2 cells with 23 chromosomes
each.
• All steps in (PMAT) Meiosis II, have 2 cells of 23
chromosomes (in the replicated form).
• At the end of Meiosis II, there are 4 cells of 23
chromosomes each
Q.7. Identify the main functions of the human reproductive system
as: to reproduce and continue the existence of humans to produce
the next generations, and to produce egg and sperm cells

MALE HORMONE IS FEMALE HORMONES ARE

CALLED CALLED ESTROGEN AND
TESTOSTERONE PROGESTERONE

• TESTOSTERONE in males is important to produce

healthy sperm cells which is the male gamete.

• ESTROGEN and PROGESTERONE are important to

maintain the menstrual cycle in females not only to
produce egg cells which is the female gamete, but also
to prepare the uterus to support the growth of a fetus
if fertilization takes place.
Q.8. Discuss the roles of the placenta

• 2 weeks after fertilization, tiny finger like projections

of the chorion, called chorionic villi begin to grow into
the wall of the uterus.
• Placenta provides food and oxygen and removes
waste and carbon dioxide.
• Placenta has 2 surfaces – 1.fetal side which forms
from the chorion and faces the fetus and 2. maternal
side that forms from uterine tissue.
• Along with oxygen, nutrients and antibodies, even
drugs, alcohol and HIV (virus) can pass through the
placenta.
• Blood cells DO NOT PASS through the placenta
 Q.9. Summarize the development that occurs
during each trimester
• At the end of 8 weeks an
embryo is called a fetus
• All organ systems have begun to
form
• By the end of the 1st trimester,
the fetus can move its arms,
fingers, and toes and make facial
expressions.
• Fingerprints are also present.
• Around 18-20 weeks, the fetal
heartbeat can be heard.
• The developing fetus can suck its
thumb and get hiccups.
• The mother might feel a
fluttering sensation and light
kicks.
• Hair usually forms and fetal eyes
will open during this period.
• At the end of this trimester, the
fetus might be able to survive
outside the mother’s uterus but
will require medical aid.
• Fetus continues to grow rapidly.
• Fat forms under the skin to
provide insulation when the
baby is born.
• Mother needs to tale a lot of
protein at this stage for the rapid
amount of brain growth that will
take place.
• New nerve cells in the brain are
forming at a rate of 250,000 cells
per minute.
• Fetus will respond to sound and
music.
Q.10. Describe the structure of the sperm cell and
the egg cell
• The egg cell has a protective Plasma
Membrane surrounding the cell.
• It also has extra outer layers that keep the
• Sperm cell’s structure is
egg cell safe and healthy.
divided into 3 parts: Head,
Middle piece and the Tail.
• The Head has a special
enzyme called acrosome that
allows to break down the
plasma membrane of the egg
cell.
• The Middle piece provides
structural strength.
• The Tail allows the Sperm to
move through the female
reproductive system.
Q.11. Distinguish between 4 extra-embryonic
membranes

• AMNION – has amniotic

fluid which protects,
cushions and insulates the
embryo.
• CHORION and ALLANTOIS
– both contribute to form
the placenta.
• YOLK SAC – 1st site of red
blood cell formation.
Q.12. Define fertilization as the process that restores the chromosome
number by combining egg and sperm to form a new individual
 Q.13.
Summarize the
development
that occurs
during each
trimester
Q.14. Explain the
effect of surface
area to volume
ratio on the
function of the
cell, to include
calculations
SURFACE AREA (Length x width) x6
--------------------- = --------------------------
VOLUME Length x width x height

(1μm x 1μm) x6
= --------------------------
1μm x 1μm x 1μm

6 μm2
= ----------
1 μm3

RATIO OF SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME IS 6:1

Q.15. Illustrate the main events of the cell cycle, to include the
processes taking place during interphase(G1, S, and G2), mitosis and
cytokinesis, leading to genetically identical cells
CELL CYCLE

INTERPHASE MITOSIS CYTOKINESIS

• G1 • PROPHASE
• S •
•
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
• G2 • TELOPHASE
 Q.16. Explain
the effects of
disruptions to
the cell cycle, to
include cancer
and apoptosis
APOPTOSIS – PROGRAMED CELL DEATH

Some cells go through a process

called apoptosis – programed cell
death.

Cells shrink/shrivel(become small)

through a controlled process which
is a death program.

Seen in plant and animals both.

ABNORMAL When cells do not respond to normal cell
cycle regulation, a condition called cancer can
CELL CYCLE take place.

Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and

division of cells mostly caused because of
failure in regulation of cell cycle.

Cancer cells spend less time in interphase.

They grow and divide uncontrollably if they

are supplied with nutrients.
Q.17. Explain how the process of meiosis ensures the reduction of the
chromosome number to form a haploid cell(gamete) from a diploid cell and
how fertilization re-establishes the diploid number
FEMALE
MALE GAMETE
GAMETE

SPERM
EGG CELL
CELL

HAPLOID (n) = HAPLOID (n) =

23 23
chromosomes chromosomes

FERTILIZATION

FORMS A ZYGOTE which is

DIPLOID (2n) =
46 chromosomes
Q.18. Describe the
specific events that
occur within each
stage of mitosis
and cytokinesis
CYTOKINESIS IN ANIMAL CELL CYTOKINESIS IN PLANT CELL
Q.19. Differentiate between the different structures or forms of
genetic material(DNA), to include chromosomes, chromatids,
and chromatin
• Chromosomes are
condensed forms of
DNA passed on from
generation to
generation.
• The relaxed form of
DNA is called
Chromatin.
• The Phosphate group in
DNA gives it a NEGATIVE
charge. This is why it
attracts the POSITIVELY
charged protein called
HISTONE. This forms a
NUCLEOSOME.
Q.20. Identify human disorders related to changes in
chromosome numbers