DAR ES SALAAM MARITIME INSTITUTE

(DMI)
 MARINE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
ASSIGMENT 01
MODULE NAME :FUNDAMENTAL OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
OGU: 07213

LECTURE NAME : ENG. P. INSULANGI

CLASS : BOGE 1

GROUP MEMBER No. 6

STUDENTS NAMES REG. NO

KOPA, ABUBAKAR R BOGE/22/110

CHACHA, CHACHA M BOGE/22/111

SAMSON, EZAKIEL PETER BOGE/22/112

JAIRO, ALEX M BOGE/22/113

RANGE, ANNA SHADRACK BOGE/22/114

NG`ETICH, DAVID M BOGE/22/115

SOCKO, GOODLUCK EMMANUEL BOGE/22/116

MUSSA, YASIN SAID BOGE/22/117

JOHN, LAMECK SYLVESTER BOGE/22/118

CHARLES, DEOGRATIUS N BOGE/22/119

MARTINE, REBELIUS R BOGE/22/120

SAID, SAID ISSA BOGE/22/121

CHOMBO, SHANI SAID BOGE/22/122

KYANDO, VILFRED ALFRED BOGE/22/123

PETER, JACKLINE GARELA BOGE/22/124

HAMKA, MUSSA EDWARD BOGE/22/127

MWAIKAMBO, KINGSLEY CLEVER BOGE/22/129

CLEMENT, SUSAN MUNDE BOGE/22/130

YUSSUF, ABRAHMAN MWINYI BOGE/22/131

ALMASI, IDDI K BOGE/22/133

QUESTION.
Describe the following reservoir – drive mechanisms ;
a) Combination and
b) Gravity drainage. Sketches their graphs calculate various parameters including pressure, production rate.

 A drive mechanism is the natural process that drive the movement of fluid from the reservoir to the
wellbore in an oil and or gas well.
TYPES OF DRIVE MECHANISM
a) Solution gas drive mechanism
b) Water drive mechanism
c) Gas cap drive mechanism
d) Combination drive mechanism
e) Gravity drainage mechanism
Cont..

 A combination drive mechanism is a type of reservoir drive mechanism in which a reservoir is

driven by a combination of two or more mechanisms, such as solution gas drive, water drive,
and gas cap drive. In this types of drive mechanism, the production rate of the reservoir is
influenced by the relative contribution of each mechanism.
 A gravity drainage mechanism is the type of reservoir drive mechanism in which the reservoir
is driven by the natural flow of fluids due to gravity. In this type of drive mechanism, the
reservoir is typically a horizontal or gently dipping reservoir, and the fluids flow from the high
side of the reservoir to the low side.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMBINATION RESERVOIR DRIVE MECHANISM

A combination reservoir drive mechanism is a system used in the oil and gas industry to
recover hydrocarbons from underground reservoirs. It combines different mechanisms to
improve the efficiency of hydrocarbon recovery. Here are the some common characteristics
of a combination reservoir drive mechanisms.
i. Multiple drive mechanisms: A combination reservoir drive mechanism uses multiple
mechanisms to improve the flow of hydrocarbons from the reservoir. The most common
mechanisms used are water drive, gas drive, and gravity drainage.
ii. Reservoir characteristics: The type of reservoir, its size, and the characteristics of the
hydrocarbons being produced determine the combination of drive mechanism used.
Cont..

iii). Improved hydrocarbons recovery: The combination of different drive

mechanisms improves the recovery efficiency of hydrocarbons from the reservoir.
It ensures that the maximum amount of hydrocarbons is extracted from the
reservoir.

iv).Operating costs: A combination reservoir drive mechanism may require more

investment in infrastructure and equipment than a single drive mechanism.
However, it can reduce operating costs by increasing the recovery efficiency and
extending the life of the reservoir.
Cont..

• v. Environmental impact: A combination reservoir drive mechanism can have a lower

environmental impact than single drive mechanism. For example , the use of water as a drive
mechanism can reduce the need for gas flaring, which reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Overall, a combination reservoir drive mechanism is a complex system used to improve the
efficiency of hydrocarbons recovery. It require careful consideration of the reservoir
characteristics and the type of hydrocarbons being produced . The benefits of improved of
hydrocarbons recovery and reduce environmental impact can outweigh the initial investment
in infrastructure and equipment
 CHARECTERISTICS OF GRAVITY DRAINAGE RESERVOIR DRIVE MECHANISM

i. Natural mechanism: gravity is a natural mechanism that is always present in a reservoir. It

cause the hydrocarbons to move towards the bottom of the reservoir, where they can be
produced.
ii. Low operating costs: Gravity drainage requires minimum energy input, which results in low
operating costs. The system does not require pumps, compressors, or other equipment, which
can reduce maintenance and infrastructure costs.
iii. Slow recovery: gravity drainage is a slow recovery method. The hydrocarbons move through
the reservoir at a slow rate, which can result in longer recovery time than other drive
mechanism.
Cont..

iv. Reservoir characteristics; The characteristics of the reservoir, including its size, shape, and the properties of
the hydrocarbons, can impact the effectiveness of gravity drainage. The system works best in thick,
homogeneous reservoirs with high permeability.
V. Environmental impact: gravity drainage can have lower environmental impact than other drive mechanisms.
It does not require the burning of gas or injection of large volume of water or gas into the reservoir.

Overall, gravity drainage is a simple, low cost mechanism for recovering hydrocarbons from the reservoir.
However, it is only effective in certain types of reservoir and can be a sloe recovery method. It is often used in
combination with other drive mechanisms to improve the recovery efficiency.
 ULTIMATE RECOVERY RANGES BY DRIVE MECHANISM

DRIVE MECHANISM ENERGY SOURCE RECOVERY(% OOIP)

5-30
Solution gas drive Evolved solution gas
expansion

20-40
Gas cap drive Gas cap and evolved solution
gas expansion

35-75
Water drive Aquifer expansion

Gravity drainage Gravity 5-30 (incremental)

CONDITION FOR COMBINITION RESERVOIR DRIVE MECHANISM.

 Combination reservoir drive mechanism occurs when two or more drive mechanisms work
together to produce oil and gas from the reservoir. The most common combination drive
mechanism is a combination of water drive and gas drive. The conditions for combination
reservoir drive mechanism to occur are:
 The reservoir must have sufficient porosity and permeability to allow the movement of the
fluids.
 The reservoir must contain both oil and gas.
 The oil and gas must be in contact with water.
Cont..

 The water must be able to move freely through the reservoir.

 The gas must have sufficient pressure to drive the oil towards the production well.
 The water must able to displace the oil towards the production well.
 The reservoir must have a suitable structure to support the combination of the two
mechanisms.
 The reservoir must have a suitable temperature and pressure to maintain the fluid properties
and allow for movement.

If all these conditions are met, then the combination reservoir drive mechanism can effectively
produce oil and gas from the reservoir.
CONDITIONS FOR THE GRAVITY DRAINAGE RESERVOIR DRIVE MECHANISM.

 Gravity drainage is a type of reservoir drive mechanism where oil and gas are
produced under the influence of gravity. The conditions for the gravity drainage
drive mechanism to occur are:
 The reservoir must be thick enough to allow for gravity drainage to occur.
 The reservoir must have a suitable dip and structure to allow oil and gas to move
downward towards the production well.
 The oil and gas must have a lower density than the water in the reservoir, so they
raise to the top.
Cont..

 The reservoir must have a suitable permeability and porosity to allow for the movement of fluids.
 The reservoir must have a sufficient temperature and pressure to maintain the fluid properties and allow for
their movement.
 The production well must be located at lowest point of the reservoir.
 The reservoir must be relatively homogeneous, so the fluid can move through the reservoir without
encountering significant barriers.

If all conditions are met, then the gravity drainage mechanism can effectively produce oil and gas from the
reservoir. However, the effectiveness of the gravity drainage mechanism depends on the reservoir`s specific
properties and the production techniques used.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COMBINATION AND GRAVITY DRAINAGE RESEVOIR DRIVE MECHANISMS.

 Combination reservoir drive mechanism and gravity drainage drive mechanism are two types of
mechanisms for producing oil and gas from the reservoir. The main differences between the two are as
follows:

 Mechanism: combination reservoir drive mechanism involve the combination of two or more mechanisms
such as water drive and gas drive , While gravity drainage reservoir drive mechanism relies solely on the
force of gravity to produce oil and gas.
 Fluid movement: In combination reservoir drive mechanism, the movement of fluids is caused by the
combination of different forces, such as water and gas pushing the oil towards the production well. In
contrast, gravity drainage reservoir drive mechanism relies solely on gravity to move the oil and gas
towards the production well.
Cont..

 Reservoir properties: combination reservoir drive mechanism can be effective in

reservoirs with a range of properties, including varying permeability and porosity,
While gravity drainage reservoir drive mechanism is more effective in reservoirs
with a relatively homogeneous structure.
 Production rate: combination reservoir drive mechanism can often produce oil
and gas at a faster rate than gravity drainage reservoir drive mechanism.
 Depth: Gravity drainage reservoir drive mechanism is typically more effective in
shallow reservoirs, While combination reservoir drive mechanism can be effective
at varying depths.
In summary, combination reservoir drive mechanism and gravity drainage reservoir drive mechanism are two
different mechanisms for producing oil and gas from the reservoir. Combination reservoir drive mechanism
involves the combination of different mechanisms, while gravity drainage reservoir drive mechanism relies
solely on gravity. The effectiveness of each mechanism depends on the specific properties of the reservoir.
 The figure of Combination reservoir drive mechanism.
The gravity drainage drive mechanism.
THE GRAPS OF COMBINATION RESERVOIR DRIVE MECHANISM.
Cont..
THE GRAPH OF GRAVITY DRAINAGE RESERVOIR DRIVE MECHANISM.
EXAMPLES.

1. Assume the reservoir has both water drive and gas cap drive mechanisms. The water drive
contributes to a pressure drop of 600psi, while gas cap drive contribute to a pressure drop of
400psi, the well has a productivity index of 2.5STB/D/Psi. calculate the production rate.
2. Assume the reservoir has both water drive , and gas cap drive and the rock expansion drive
mechanism. The water drive contribute to a pressure drop of 500psi, the gas cap drive
contribute to a pressure drop of 300psi, and the rock expansion drive contribute to a pressure
drop of 200psi. The well has productivity index of 4STB/D/psi. calculate the production rate.
REFERENCES.

 Fundamental of reservoir engineering - L. P. DAKE.

 Reservoir engineering handbook – T. H. Ahmed.
 Standard handbook of petroleum and natural gas engineering – William C. Lyons/ Gary J.
 Applied petroleum reservoir engineering, 3rd Edition – Ronald E. R.
 Practical reservoir simulation by Mike Carlson
 Principles of applied reservoir simulation by John R. PH.D
 Advanced reservoir management and engineering by TAREK AHMED D. NATHAN
MEEHAN