Session 1

Topics :
1) Network Architecture
2) BS (BTS, NodeB & eNodeB)
3) Power Components
4) BLVD & LLVD
5) RF Components
6) TX Components
 • 2G Network Architecture
1) Network Architecture • 3G Network Architecture
• 4G Network Architecture
 2)BS = Base Station
• Base stations in cellular telephone networks
are more commonly referred to as cell
towers. Each cellphone connects to the cell
tower, which in turn connects it to the
wired public switched telephone network
(PSTN), the internet or to other cellphones
within the cell. The size of the base station
depends on the size of the area covered,
the number of clients supported and the
local geography.
• Cell tower base stations can range from
large towers that cover many miles to
microcells in urban environments that only
cover a few blocks.
BTS
BTS is also referred to as Base Transceiver Station or Radio Base Station (RBS) or simply Base Station (BS), in
general. Most commonly the term BTS is referred to any base station of any wireless technology, but it is used
more specifically for the base station of 2nd Generation wireless technologies such as GSM and CDMA. BTS is a
part of BSS (Base Station Subsystem) which connects with BSC (Base Station Controller) via Abis interface and
connects with UE (User Equipment) or end user or handset via Um wireless interface with regards to GSM. Abis
interface may be either E1/T1 or IP in the physical layer.

BTS consists of Baseband Processing Unit, Base Station Control Function (BCF),
Physical Transmission Interface (E1/T1 port or Ethernet port), TRX (Transceiver) and
PA (Power Amplifier), Antenna and Feeder System, Combiners, Duplexer and Power
Supply and Alarm Extension Unit. Operation and Maintenance (O&M) channel and
signal and user data flow through Abis interface via E1/T1 or IP in the physical layer.
The data from BSC is processed at the Baseband Processing unit and the processed
data is sent to RF (Radio Frequency) conversion or RF modulation at the TRX and
Power Amplifier. Next, the RF modulated data stream is sent through combiners and
duplexer to the Antenna system for EM (Electro Magnetic) wave conversion. Then it
is transmitted to the air interface after applying some more gain to the signal at the
Antenna. The BCF is doing some control of the BTS and its other functions, but the
main radio related control is performed at the BSC.
Node B
Node B is also called a BTS, in general. However, when used with third -generation
wireless technology such as UMTS, NodeB is the correct word to refer the BTS. The
term Node B was first introduced with the introduction of UMTS. NodeB is a part of
UTRAN (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network). NodeB connects to the RNC
(Radio Network Controller) via IuB interface. The UE is connected to NodeB through
air interface called Uu where it can be WCDMA or any other 3G wireless
technology.

The IuB interface may be ATM (E1/T1 at the physical layer), IP or Hybrid (ATM and
IP). However, there is an increased controlling part attached to NodeB than BTS in
terms of Processing and Radio management functions. The Baseband to RF
conversion process is much similar to BTS and only wireless technology makes
some differences.
 eNodeB
E-UTRAN Node B, also known as Evolved Node B (abbreviated
as eNodeB or eNB), is the element in E-UTRA of LTE that is the
evolution of the element Node B in UTRA of UMTS. It is the hardware
that is connected to the mobile phone network that communicates
directly wirelessly with mobile handsets (UEs), like a 
base transceiver station (BTS) in GSM networks.
Traditionally, a Node B has minimum functionality, and is controlled by
a Radio Network Controller (RNC). However, with an eNB, there is no
separate controller element. This simplifies the architecture and allows
lower response times.
 3)Power Components
1. Power Source AC or DC
2. GEDP
3. Rectifier
4. Batteries
 4)BLVD & LLVD
• The rectifier system has two contactors, one for LLVD and one for BLVD.
1- BLVD : Battery Low Voltage Disconnection.
2- LLVD : Load Low Voltage Disconnection.

• The electrical equipments in sites  is divided into two categories: critical equipment

(transmission ) & non-critical equipment(BTS).
• for example the critical equipment such as transmission equipment in site high cascade It
is important to keep the transmission  devices running for as long as possible , When the
power is cut off it is logical that we want to keep the critical equipment  supplied with
power for a longer period of time and this is what it does LLVD & BLVD Where a LLVD 
conductor disconnects the DC current from BTS and BLVD conductor It is still working
and extending transmission devices with power from batteries.
This is a drawing showing the components of rectifire  and how it works :

How the rectifier works:

• 1- AC power reaches the PSU (Power Supply Unit ) which it converts AC to -48V DC.
• 2- Batterise being charged and  When the AC input voltage is interrupted, the battery pack begins to discharge.
• 3- When the voltage is reached to the set value in the configuration for LLVD contactor , the LLVD contactor disconnect  the non-critical  equipment (BTS)
and  goes out of the circuit.
• 4- The BLVD is still working and the batteries continue to discharge while powering critical equipments (transmission ).
• 5- When the batteries voltage drops to the Disconnect Voltage value , the BLLVD will  cut off all the load to protect the batteries pack over discharge
phenomenon.
 4)RF Components

• Sector/Panel/RF Antenna
Sector antennas are a type of panel
antenna with a sectorial radiating
pattern for directional coverage in
a specific area. These antennas
typically feature peak gain above 9
dBi and are offered in a number of
azimuth beam widths from 60° to
120°.
• Jumper: RF jumper, transmits and receives RF
signals. One part is connected to RRU/RF
Module and other end is connected to
antenna system.

• RF Coaxial Feeder:
Coaxial feeder or coax cable is an RF feeder used
for carrying radio frequency or other high
frequency signals.
• Optical Fiber Cable / CPRI
CPRI: Common Public Radio Interface standard
defines a flexible interface between BBU and
RRU. The purpose of CPRI is to allow
replacement of a copper or coax cable
connection between a radio transceiver and a
base station.
• SFP Module
SFP stands for small form-factor pluggable ,
Converts electrical signal into digital light signal
and viceversa
• RF (Radio Filter) Unit
is used to transmit and receive
baseband signals, modulate and
demodulate RF signals, process data,
and amplify the power of signals.

NSN >> RF Module

Huawei >> MRFU , RRU
Ericsson >> RUS , RRU

NSN RF Module Types

Supports band 900 MHZ >> FXD# (FXDA, FXDB)
Supports band 1800 MHZ >> FXE# (FXEA, FXEB, FXED)
Supports band 2100 MHZ >> FRG# (FRGT, FRGP, FRGF)
• Processing Unit :: BBU-Baseband Unit
Base Band refers to original signal or un-modulated signals ie signals which occupies the lowest range of frequency spectrum. BBU processes the signal of original
frequency before it is modulated. 
In Base band, Frequency band is not shifted to some other frequency band by means of modulating.
BBU have DSP(DIgital signal processor) that process the conversion of signals conversions between analog and digital signals. It is also known as heart of
communication because it serves for communication link between two end users. 
BBU along with RRU (Radio Remote Unit) formed as a BTS. RRU process the incoming and outgoing radio signals. RRU sends the signals and receive signals (EM
waves) from Antenna through hollow guided Jumper .BTS is Base Transceiver station. BBU is connected with RRU through CPRI-Common Public Radio
Interface fiber cable for making BTS. 

Functions of BBU-
1) Provides common public radio interface (CPRI) ports or optical links for communication with RRUs and processes uplink and downlink baseband signals.

2) Provides S1 ports for communication between an E-UTRAN NodeB (eNodeB) and an

MME/S-GW, and X2 ports for communication between eNodeBs.
3) Provides clock ports for clock synchronization, alarm monitoring ports for environment monitoring, and a Universal Serial
Bus (USB) port for commissioning using a USB flash drive.

4) Manages the eNodeB through operation and maintenance (OM) and signaling message processing.
As in above figure, commonly BBU consists of FAN, LBBP, UMPT, UPEU and other slots where necessary cards is inserted for needed operation. Brief description of each above
components is given below:

a) FAN: The FAN dissipates heat from the BBU3900. It monitors the inlet temperature, controls the rotation speed of the fans, and reports the status of the fans to the LMPT or
UMPT in the BBU3900.

b) LBBP: LBBP stands for LTE Base Band Processing Unit. Huawei 3900 series have 3 different LBBP, LBBPa, LBBPb and LBBPc. But in Huawei BBU 3910, LBBP is termed as UBBP. LBBP
and UBBP difference is that LBBP is for LTE or 4G communication while UBBP is for 2g and 3g communication. UBBP also have type 3 and type 2 cards, UBBP2 and UBBP3. These
both LBBP and UBBP functions is to:

    1) Provides CPRI ports for communication with radio frequency          (RF) modules.
    2) Processes uplink and downlink baseband signals.
c) UMPT: UMPT stands for Universal Main Processing and Transmission Unit. Its functions are:
 1) Performs OM functions, including configuration management, equipment management, performance monitoring, signaling processing, and active/standby switchover.
 2)Provides clock reference,transmission ports,and the maintenance link connecting to the OMC.The OMC can be the LMT or M2000 client.

d) UPEU: UPEU stands for Universal Power and Environment interface unit. Its functions are:
 1) Converts power of -48v input into +12V with 300 watt and 650 watt power needed for BBU operation and Processing.
 2) It takes EMUB signals through RS485 serial communication and converts into Boolean signals. Thus acts as interface unit for BBU and EMUB unit. EMUB is Environment
Monitoring unit for sensors alarm.

BBU consists of GPS sensors or device which track the BBU installed location and if BBU is stolen or theft the GPS coordinate is traced and send back to telecom operator control
room.

There are many BBU models manufactured by various telecom operators. The top 5 telecom equipment manufacturer are Ericsson, Alcatel-Lucent, Huawei Technologies, Cisco
Systems and ZTE Corporation. These vendors have their own type type BBU model though the basic knowledge is same. The different is that of their power efficiency & processing
and working speed.