Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

Manufacturing Processes - II

Module – 2 : Mechanics of Machining

Lecture – 6 : Orthogonal and oblique cutting

(mechanism of machining)

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Specific Instructional objectives :

To enable the students, at the end of this lecture,

(i) define and distinguish, with illustrations,

between orthogonal cutting and oblique cutting
(ii) identify the causes of oblique cutting and chip
flow deviation
(iii) determine the angle of chip flow deviation.
(iv) illustrate effective rake angle
(v) state the effects of oblique cutting
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Orthogonal Cutting :
• definition :

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Oblique Cutting :
• definition :
Basic diff. bet. orthogonal and oblique cutting

Vf
Vf
tool
chip c= 
tool

C n C
o o
o o

90o =0 VC 90o 

VC

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(ii) Causes of oblique cutting and chip flow

deviation

• Restricted cutting effect

• Tool nose radiusing
• Inclination angle,  ( 0)

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Restricted Cutting Effect (RCE) :

From figure VB VA

so
sin sin{(  1)   }
uncut portions
P VA (t / sin  )
(feed marks)
A B
1 where 
O VB so / 2
( + 1) VB
VR 
2t
N 
( + 1)
Tool position 1
so sin 
M from which
Tool position 2
sin(  1 )
tan 
2t
 cos(  1 )
s o sin 
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
ABx  BC x
avg  2
• Effect of nose radius AB  BC
where, AB  r
A t2 t  (r  r cos  )
BC  
t1 B  r
sin  sin 
t  t 1
t2 O  [  cos   1]
2 r sin 
C  avg 
 t
[  cos   1]
1 r

sin(avg  1)
tan  
and 2t
 cos(avg  1)
so sin avg
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• Effect of inclination angle, 

Chip flow angle,
C =   
Stabler’s rule,
C = 
[since  is

small]

 may be +ve
or – ve
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effective rake, e

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(v) Effects of oblique cutting

• chip flow deviates from o

• affects PY irrespective of 
• affects effective rake, hence forces
• affects chips cross section and shape
• force analysis becomes complex
• affects tool life.

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A. Quiz test
Select the correct answer from the given four options
1. Cutting will be called orthogonal when
(a)  = 0
(b)  = 0 and  = 90o
(c) chip flows along o plane
(d)  = 0 and r (nose radius) = 0
2. In turning, chip will flow along o only when
(a) RCE is absent
(b) nose radius is zero
(c)  = 0
(d) all of the above conditions (contd.)
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3. Deviation of chip flow from o does not depend

upon
(a) cutting velocity
(b) feed
(c) depth of cut
(d) nose radius
4. Effective rake in any turning proc.is measured on
(a) X
(b) o
(c) n
(d) none of the above
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Exercise – 6

1. Under what geometrical condition the values of

e, n, o and x of a turning tool will be same ?

2. Estimate value of e for turning a rod at

so= 0.24 mm/rev and t = 4.0 mm by a tool of
geometry 10o, 8o, 7o, 6o, 15o, 75o, 1.2 (mm) - NRS
[ solutions are given / hinted in the next frame ]

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A. Quiz Test - answers

1 – (c) 2 – (d) 3 – (a) 4 – (d)
Solution of Exercise – 6
Q. 1 When e, n, o and x
become same ?
Ans.
• o = x when  = 90o i.e., o = x
• n = o when  = 0o i.e., n = o
• e = n when  = 0o & C =    = 0 i.e.,  = 0
•  = 0 when nose radius, r = 0,
i.e. avg =  and RCE is absent i.e., 1 > 20(contd.)
o
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Q. 2 Given : t = 4.0, so = 0.24 mm/rev and  = 10o,
n = 8o,  = 75o, 1 = 15o, r = 1.2 mm.
Ans. Determine e
• sin e = coscosCsin n + sin sinC (1)
• C =  +  (2)
sin(avg  1)
• tan  
2t (3)
 cos(avg  1)
so sin avg
• avg= [/2+(t/r-cos+1)/sin] / [1+(t/r–cos+1)/sin
• = 62.71o
• Put the values, get  = 1.65o
• Hence C = 1.65o + 10o = 11.65o
• Put values of , C and n in equation 1;
get e = 5.69o Ans 15
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THANK YOU

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