GRAPHICAL

REPRESENTATION OF
TRANSCRITICAL
BIFURCATION
Submitted by
Anju C.L.
 PLAN OF TALK

 Linear and nonlinear systems

 Effects of nonlinearity
 What is mean by bifurcation?
 Types of bifurcation
 Transcritical bifurcation
 MATLAB
 Different conditions for transcritical bifurcation
 Significant of plotting the bifurcation diagram
 LINEAR AND NONLINEAR SYSTEMS

 Output of a system is proportional to the input, then

the system is said to be a linear system.
 Output of the system is not proportional to the input,
then the system is said to be a nonlinear system.
 A linear system have one and only one solution.
 Nonlinear system have more then one solutions.
 For nonlinear system initial displacement is large.
 EFFECTS OF NONLINEARITY

 Nonlinear systems can exhibit regular as well as

complicated and irregular behavior.
 For pendulum initial force create an oscillatory
motion, after some time only it comes to a SHM.
 Pressing the accelerator of a car results in a smooth
increase of speed. But some amount of extra
pressure on accelerator make the car to vibrate
violently .
 WHAT IS MEAN BY BIFURCATION?

 A bifurcation occurs when a parameter change causes

the stability of an equilibrium to change.
 When the parameter value changes a sudden
qualitative change occurs in its behavior.
 Bifurcation occur in both continuous and discrete
system.
 The name bifurcation was first introduced by HENRI
POINCARE.
 Bifurcation is a kind of nonlinear behavior.
 TYPES OF BIFURCATION

 It is useful to divide bifurcations into two principal

classes:
(1) Local bifurcations, which can be analyzed
entirely through changes in the local stability
properties of equilibria.
(2)Global bifurcations, which often occur when
larger invariant sets of the system 'collide' with each
other or with equilibria of the system.
 LOCAL BIFURCATION

 A local bifurcation occurs when a parameter

change causes the stability of an equilibrium to
change.
 Examples of local bifurcations include:
Saddle-node bifurcation
Transcritical bifurcation
Pitchfork bifurcation
Period-doubling bifurcation
Hopf bifurcation
Neimark-sacker (secondary hopf) bifurcation
 Global bifurcations

 Bifurcations occur when 'larger' invariant sets,

such as periodic orbits collide with equilibrium.
 Examples of global bifurcations
Homoclinic bifurcation
Heteroclinic bifurcation
Infinite period bifurcation
 TRANSCRITICAL BIFURCATION

 There are certain scientific situations where a

fixed point must exist for all values of a
parameter and can never be destroyed.
 Fixed point may change its stability as the
parameter is varied.
 The transcritical bifurcation occurs in a system
due to the destroy of such fixed point.
 Consider a system which can be mathematically represented as,
dy/dx=-ry+y^2 (1)
“r” is a control parameter.
 By changing the control parameter “r”, the behavior of the
system also changes.
 Depending on control parameter we will get two states, one is
stable and unstable.
 Stable state:
1.for r<0 (r,0) is a stable point.
2.for r>0 (0,0) is a stable point .
 Unstable state:
1.for r<0 (0,0) is a unstable point.
2.for r>0 (r,0) is a unstable point .
 MATLAB
 MATLAB is a fourth-generation programming
language.
 The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory.
 MATLAB include matrix calculations, developing and
running algorithms, creating user interfaces and data
visualization.
 MATLAB is used by engineers and scientists in many
fields such as image and signal processing,
communications, control systems for industry, smart
grid design, robotics as well as computational finance.
Here for visualizing the bifurcation occurs in a particular
system we adapt MATLAB.
 DIFFERENT CONDITIONS FOR
TRANSCRITICAL BIFURCATION

 Control parameter value is greater than zero.

we obtain a continues smooth change, but

unexpectly from (0,0) there is a irregularity in the output.
 Control parameter value is equal to zero.

The region near y=0 only in the stable state,

others are in unstable region.
 Control parameter value less than zero.

From the plot it is clear that the system only be in a

stable state before the point (0,0).
 SIGNIFICANT OF PLOTTING THE
BIFURCATION DIAGRAM
 We can understand the bifurcation structure for a
system.
 Find out the unexpected behavior of the system, when
the control parameter value changes.
 when the parameter value changes bifurcation plot is
also changes.
 Pictorial representation is easy to understand and study.
 study reveals the affordable set of values to the system
in which system stays in linear behavior.
THANK YOU….