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Energy and Power
Because a watt is already a rate it is
incorrect to say “watts per hour” or
“watts per year”
1 hp = 746 W
Why do we care about energy?
Energy provides us with
Necessities
• Food, heat, shelter, water
Conveniences
• Dishwasher, automobile, entertainment
The more energy we have available
to us, the more comfortably we can
live
Why do we care about energy?
Energy use is strongly correlated to
standard of living (as measured by
GDP per capita.)
For most of history we could rely on
our own body or animals to do work.
This is a few hundred watts of power
at most.
Today in the US we consume energy
at a rate of 13 kW per person.
You may think of this as having 130
“energy servants” doing work for you
24/7.
Typically less wealthy nations have a
lot fewer “servants”
GDP vs. Energy Use
GDP vs. Energy Use
Trend is Linear
We are doing better on a GDP per
kWh basis.
Energy
End-use energy
• Energy actually consumed
• Cars, homes, factories, etc.
Primary energy
• Fuel energy or energy flow plus
transportation energy
Energy Use By Sector
Electric Utilities 40% (1/3)
Industrial/Residential
And Commercial 32% (1/3)
Energy Source By Sector
Electric Utilities Coal (46%)
Industrial/Residential
And Commercial Natural Gas(52%)
Where
does our
energy
come
from?
Approx
81% from
fossil fuel
Which of the following is NOT one of the
three basic energy sectors in America
1. Transportation
2. Electrical
Generation
3. Industrial
Residential and
Commercial
4. Heating
0% 0% 0% 0%
1. 2. 3. 4.
The primary energy sector that
uses coal is
1. Electrical
Generation
2. Industrial
Residential and
Commercial
3. Transportation
0% 0% 0%
1. 2. 3.
The primary energy sector that
uses petroleum
1. Transportation
2. Industrial
Residential and
Commercial
3. Electrical
Generation
0% 0% 0%
1. 2. 3.
Oil Supply and Demand
How Much Is There?
Proven Reserves:
• Resource that we know is there
• We can extract it at current prices with
current technology.
We can increase Proven Reserves by
1) Finding new reserves.
2) Improvements in technology
3) Changes in economic conditions
Unproven Reserves:
• We think that it is there based on
testing/experience
OR
• We know that it is there but it is too
expensive to extract with current
technology/economics.
Note: We never totally extract all of
the energy, it just gets too difficult to
get after a while.
How Long Will It Last ?
Simplest analysis is Rate Equation
• Straight-line model
If we know (or can guess) how much
we started with (Q) and we know
the rate we are using it (R) and how
much we have already used (Qu)
Time = (Q-Qu)/R
How Long Will It Last ?
Rate Equation doesn’t take changes
in use rate into account
How long = Amount remaining/Rate
0% 0% 0% 0%
r r r r
/y /y /y /y
45
% 5% 9% 10
%
4.
How long would it take U.S. energy
use to double?
A. 4.5 yr
B. 10 yr
C. 15.5 yr
D. 18 yr
0% 0% 0% 0%
yr yr yr yr
5 10 .5 18
4. 15
Between 1960 and 1970, US energy
consumption grew by 4.5%/yr. This
would mean energy use would double in
only 70/4.5 =15.5 years!
With constant rate if we double our
reserves, we double their expected life.
With exponential growth, doubling
reserves will only add a short amount of
time.
Obviously exponential growth in energy
demand CANNOT go on for very long.
If we start with $1000, approximately how
much money would we have in 14 years if it
gains interest at 10% per year?
1. $2000
2. $2400
3. $4000
4. $8000
0% 0% 0% 0%
1. 2. 3. 4.
Hubbert Analysis
Production of a natural resource
follows a bell-shaped curve with time