Immune System Histology

The Lymphatic System
and Body Defenses

Lymph Nodes
Figure 12.3
Slide 12.6b
The Lymphatic System
 Two parts
 Lymphatic vessels
 Lymphoid tissues and organs
 Lymphatic system functions
 Transport fluids back to the blood
 Play essential roles in body defense and
resistance to disease
 Absorb digested fat at the intestinal villi Slide 12.1
Lymphatic Characteristics
 Lymph – excess tissue fluid carried by
lymphatic vessels
 Properties of lymphatic vessels
 One way system toward the heart
 No pump
 Lymph moves toward the heart
 Milking action of skeletal muscle
 Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle
in vessel walls
Slide 12.2
Lymphatic Vessels
Figure 12.1
Slide 12.3b
Lymphatic Vessels
 Lymphatic
collecting vessels
 Collects lymph
from lymph
capillaries
 Carries lymph to
and away from
lymph nodes
Figure 12.2 Slide 12.4a

Lymphatic Vessels
 Lymphatic
collecting vessels
(continued)
 Returns fluid to
circulatory veins
near the heart
 Right lymphatic
duct
 Thoracic duct
Figure 12.2 Slide 12.4b
Lymph
 Materials returned to the blood

 Water
 Blood cells
 Proteins
Slide 12.5a
Lymph
 Harmful materials that enter lymph

vessels
 Bacteria
 Viruses
 Cancer cells
 Cell debris
Slide 12.5b
Lymph Nodes
 Filter lymph before it is returned to the

blood
 Defense cells within lymph nodes
 Macrophages – engulf and destroy foreign
substances
 Lymphocytes – provide immune response to
antigens
Slide 12.6a
Lymph Nodes
Figure 12.3
Slide 12.6b
Lymph Node Structure
Figure 12.4
Slide 12.7b
Other Lymphoid Organs
 Several other organs

contribute to
lymphatic function
 Spleen – giant lymphnode
 Thymus – matures immune system
 Tonsils -
 Peyer’s patches –
specialized tissues in the intestines - fight gut bacteria that
passed; helps in transport in micronutrients such as fat
Figure 12.5
Slide 12.9
The Spleen
 Located on the left side of the abdomen

 Filters blood
 Destroys worn out blood cells
 Forms blood cells in the fetus
 Acts as a blood reservoir
Slide 12.10
The Thymus
 Located low in the throat, overlying the

heart
 Functions at peak levels only during
childhood
 Produces hormones (like thymosin) to
program lymphocytes
Slide 12.11
Tonsils
 Small masses of lymphoid tissue around

the pharynx
 Trap and remove bacteria and other
foreign materials
 Tonsillitis is caused by congestion with
bacteria
Slide 12.12
Peyer’s Patches
 Found in the wall of the small intestine

 Resemble tonsils in structure
 Capture and destroy bacteria in the
intestine
Slide 12.13
Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic
Tissue (MALT)
 Includes (collective term):
 Peyer’s patches
 Tonsils
 Other small accumulations of lymphoid
tissue
 Acts as a guard to protect respiratory
and digestive tracts
Slide 12.14
OBJECTIVES:
(i) To differentiate the non-specific defense system from
specific defense system.
(ii) To identify the structures and functions the non-

specific defense system and the specific defense system.
(iii) To identify four major types of grafts.
(iv) To name selected disorders of immunity.

Body Defenses
 The body is constantly in contact with
bacteria, fungi, and viruses (pathogens)
 The body has two defense systems for
foreign materials
 Nonspecific defense system
 Mechanisms protect against a variety of
invaders
 Responds immediately to protect body
from foreign materials
Slide 12.15a
Body Defenses
Specific defense system

 Specific defense is required for each type
of invader
 Also known as the immune system
Slide 12.15b
Nonspecific Body Defenses
 Body surface coverings

 Intact skin
 Mucous membranes
 Specialized human cells
 Chemicals produced by the body
Slide 12.16
Surface Membrane Barriers –
First Line of Defense
 The skin
 Physical barrier to foreign materials
 pH of the skin is acidic to inhibit bacterial
growth
 Sebum is toxic to bacteria
 Vaginal secretions are very acidic
Slide 12.17a
Surface Membrane Barriers –
First Line of Defense
 Stomach mucosa
 Secretes hydrochloric acid
 Has protein-digesting enzymes
 Saliva and lacrimal fluid contain
lysozyme
 Mucus traps microogranisms in
digestive and respiratory pathways
Slide 12.17b
Defensive Cells
 Phagocytes
(neutrophils and
macrophages)
 Engulfs foreign
material into a
vacuole
 Enzymes from
lysosomes digest
the material
Figure 12.6b Slide 12.18a
Macrophage attacking e-coli.
•

Defensive Cells
 Natural killer cells

 Can lyse and kill
cancer cells
 Can destroy virus-
infected cells
Figure 12.6b Slide 12.18b

Inflammatory Response -
Second Line of Defense
 Triggered when body tissues are injured
 Produces four cardinal signs
 Redness
 Heat
 Swelling
 Pain
 Results in a chain of events leading to
protection and healing
Slide 12.19
Functions of the Inflammatory
Response
 Prevents spread of damaging agents

 Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
 Sets the stage for repair
Slide 12.20
Steps in the Inflammatory Response
Figure 12.7
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.21
Antimicrobial Chemicals
 Complement
 A group of at
least 20
plasma
proteins
 Activated when
they encounter
and attach to
cells
(complement
fixation) Figure 12.8
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.22a
 Complement
(continued)
 Damage
foreign cell
surfaces
 Will rupture or
lyse the foreign
cell membrane
Figure 12.8
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.22b
 Interferon
 Secreted proteins of virus-infected cells
 Bind to healthy cell surfaces to inhibit viruses
binding
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.22c
Interferons are a family species-specific proteins synthesized by
eukaryotic cells in response to viruses and a variety of natural and
synthetic stimuli. There are several different interferons commonly
used as therapeutics, termed alpha, beta, and gamma. These peptides
are used to treat hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma,
laryngeal papillomatosis, genital warts, and chronic granulomatous
disease. Side effects include black tarry stools, blood in the urine,
confusion, and loss of balance.
Fever
 Abnormally high body temperature
 Hypothalmus heat regulation can be
reset by pyrogens (secreted by white
blood cells)
 High temperatures inhibit the release of
iron and zinc from liver and spleen
needed by bacteria
 Fever also increases the speed of tissue
repair
Specific Defense: The Immune
System – Third Line of Defense
 Antigen specific – recognizes and acts

against particular foreign substances
 Systemic – not restricted to the initial
infection site
 Has memory – recognizes and mounts
a stronger attack on previously
encountered pathogens
Types of Immunity
 Humoral immunity
 Antibody-mediated immunity
 Cells produce chemicals for defense
 Cellular immunity
 Cell-mediated immunity
 Cells target virus infected cells
Antigens (Nonself)
 Any substance capable of exciting the
immune system and provoking an immune
response
 Examples of common antigens
 Foreign proteins
 Nucleic acids
 Large carbohydrates
 Some lipids
 Pollen grains
 Microorganisms
Self-Antigens
 Human cells have many surface

proteins
 Our immune cells do not attack our own
proteins
 Our cells in another person’s body can
trigger an immune response because
they are foreign
 Restricts donors for transplants
Allergies
 Many small molecules (called haptens
or incomplete antigens) are not
antigenic, but link up with our own
proteins
 The immune system may recognize and
respond to a protein-hapten
combination
 The immune response is harmful rather
than protective because it attacks our
own cells
Cells of the Immune System
 Lymphocytes
 Originate from hemocytoblasts in the red bone
marrow
 B lymphocytes become immunocompetent in
the bone marrow
 T lymphocytes become immunocompetent in
the thymus
 Macrophages
 Arise from monocytes
 Become widely distributed in lymphoid organs
Activation of Lymphocytes
Figure 12.9
Humoral (Antibody-Mediated)
Immune Response
 B lymphocytes with specific receptors

bind to a specific antigen
 The binding event activates the
lymphocyte to undergo clonal selection
 A large number of clones are produced
(primary humoral response)
Humoral (Antibody Mediated)
Immune Response
 Most B cells become plasma cells

 Produce antibodies to destroy antigens
 Activity lasts for four or five days
 Some B cells become long-lived memory
cells (secondary humoral response)
Humoral Immune Response
Figure 12.10
Active Immunity
 Your B cells
encounter
antigens and
produce
antibodies
 Active immunity
can be naturally
or artificially
acquired
Figure 12.12
Passive Immunity
 Antibodies are obtained from someone
else
 Conferred naturally from a mother to her
fetus
 Conferred artificially from immune serum or
gamma globulin
 Immunological memory does not occur
 Protection provided by “borrowed
antibodies”
Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) (Igs)
 Soluble proteins secreted by B cells

(plasma cells)
 Carried in blood plasma
 Capable of binding specifically to an
antigen
Antibody Classes
 Antibodies of each class have slightly
different roles
 Five major immunoglobulin classes –
(Do Not Need to know!)
 IgM – can fix complement
 IgA – found mainly in mucus
 IgD – important in activation of B cell
 IgG – can cross the placental barrier
 IgE – involved in allergies Slide 12.39
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune
Response
 Antigens must be presented by
macrophages to an immunocompetent
T cell (antigen presentation)
 T cells must recognize nonself and self
(double recognition)
 After antigen binding, clones form as
with B cells, but different classes of cells
are produced
Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune
Response
Figure 12.15
T Cell Clones
 Cytotoxic T cells
 Specialize in killing infected cells
 Insert a toxic chemical (perforin)
 Helper T cells
 Recruit other cells to fight the invaders
 Interact directly with B cells
T Cell Clones
 Suppressor T cells
 Release chemicals to suppress the activity
of T and B cells
 Stop the immune response to prevent
uncontrolled activity
 A few members of each clone are
memory cells
Summary of the Immune Response
Figure 12.16
Organ Transplants and Rejection
 Major types of grafts
 Autografts – tissue transplanted from one
site to another on the same person
 Isografts – tissue grafts from an identical
person (identical twin)
 Allografts – tissue taken from an unrelated
person
 Xenografts – tissue taken from a different
animal species
Organ Transplants and Rejection
 Autografts and isografts are ideal

donors
 Xenografts are never successful
 Allografts are more successful with a
closer tissue match
Disorders of Immunity:
Immunodeficiencies
 Production or function of immune cells

or complement is abnormal
 May be congenital or acquired
 Includes AIDS – Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome
Autoimmune Diseases
 The immune system does not

distinguish between self and nonself
 The body produces antibodies and
sensitized T lymphocytes that attack its
own tissues
Autoimmune Diseases
 Examples of autoimmune diseases
 Multiple sclerosis – white matter of brain
and spinal cord are destroyed
Autoimmune Diseases
 Examples of
autoimmune
diseases
 Myasthenia gravis
– impairs
communication
between nerves
and skeletal
muscles
Autoimmune Diseases
 Examples of
autoimmune
diseases
 Juvenile
diabetes –
destroys
pancreatic beta
cells that
produce insulin
Autoimmune Diseases
 Examples of
autoimmune
diseases
(continued)
 Systemic lupus
erythematosus
(SLE) – affects
kidney, heart, lung
and skin
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.50c
END

Immune System Histology

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Immune System Histology

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The Lymphatic System

and Body Defenses

Figure 12.2 Slide 12.4a

 Materials returned to the blood

 Harmful materials that enter lymph

 Filter lymph before it is returned to the

 Several other organs

 Thymus – matures immune system

 Located on the left side of the abdomen

 Located low in the throat, overlying the

 Small masses of lymphoid tissue around

 Found in the wall of the small intestine

(ii) To identify the structures and functions the non-

(iii) To identify four major types of grafts.

(iv) To name selected disorders of immunity.

Specific defense system

 Body surface coverings

 Natural killer cells

Figure 12.6b Slide 12.18b

 Prevents spread of damaging agents

 Antigen specific – recognizes and acts

 Human cells have many surface

 B lymphocytes with specific receptors

 Most B cells become plasma cells

 Soluble proteins secreted by B cells

 Autografts and isografts are ideal

 Production or function of immune cells

 The immune system does not

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