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Dinamika Awan
Dinamika Awan
PRECIPITATION
Heat Energy and Physical States of Matter
Heat is measured in calories
Latent heat
Is stored or hidden heat
Does not cause a temperature change
Is important in atmospheric processes
Changes of State of Matter
Melting; Freezing
Solid is changed to liquid; liquid is changed to solid
80 calories per gram of water are added; released
Latent heat of fusionwater = 80cal/g
Sublimation; Deposition
Solid is changed to gas; gas is changed to solid
620 cal/g of water are added or released
Changes of State of Water
Sublimation
Melting Evaporation
Freezing Condensation
Deposition
Figure 12.1
Humidity and Relative Humidity
Figure 12.3
Changing Relative Humidity at Constant Water-Vapor Content
water vapor content of the air
RH = ------------------------------------------------- X 100
water vapor capacity of the air
Figure 12.4
Daily Changes in Temperature and Relative Humidity
Figure 12.5
Measuring humidity
Two types of hygrometers are used to measure humidity
Psychrometer
Compares temperatures of wet-bulb thermometer and
dry-bulb thermometer
The greater the difference, the lower the relative
humidity
If the air is saturated (100% relative humidity) then
both thermometers read the same temperature
Electric hygrometer
Reads the humidity directly
Contains an electrical conductor coated with a
moisture-absorbing chemical
Dew Point Temperature
Dew point is the temperature to which air must be cooled
to become saturated
Figure 12.7
Processes that Lift Air
Orographic lifting
Frontal wedging
Convergence
Figure 12.8 a
Processes that Lift Air
Frontal wedging: warm, less dense air is forced to rise over
cooler, denser air
Figure 12.8 b
Processes that Lift Air
Convergence: air is forced to rise above colliding air
masses
Figure 12.8 c
Processes that Lift Air
Localized convective lifting: air rises above warm surfaces.
These rising masses of warm air are called thermals
Figure 12.8 d
Stability of Air and the Environmental Lapse Rate
Stability of air determines
Cloud type that develops
Intensity of precipitation
Types of stability
Stable air
Unstable Air
Rises
Figure 12.13
Unstable Air
Figure 12.14
The Effect of Air Stability on Weather
Stable air does not rise unless it is forced to rise by
Orographic lifting
Frontal wedging
Convergence
Localized convective lifting
Unstable air
Condensation and Cloud Formation
Water vapor requires a surface to condense on
Condensation nuclei at Earth’s surface include
grass, car, car window, etc
Condensation nuclei in the air are aerosols (dust,
smoke, ocean salt crystals, etc)
Cirrus Clouds
high white thin veil-like or wispy patches of ice
Cumulus Clouds
globular irregular-shaped cotton balls
Stratus Clouds
sheets or layers that cover much of the sky
Cirrus Clouds
Figure 12.16 A
Cumulus Clouds
Figure 12.16 G
Stratus Clouds
Figure 12.16 E
Classification of Clouds Based on Height
High clouds (cirr…) ― above 20,000 ft
cirrus
cirrostratus
cirrocumulus
Middle clouds (alto…) ― 6500 - 20,000 ft
altocumulus
altostratus
Low clouds (strat…) ― < 6500 ft
stratus
stratocumulus
nimbostratus (rain cloud, covers the sky, causes light
precipitation, forms when stable air is forced aloft along a warm
front)
High vertical development (cumul…)
cumulus
cumulonimbus
Classification
of Clouds on
the basis of
Height and
Form
Figure 12.15
Classification of Clouds (continued)
Figure 12.15
Formation of Precipitation
Cloud droplets
Less than 20 micrometers (0.02 millimeter) in diameter
Fall incredibly slowly
Drizzle
Droplets are less than 0.5 mm in diameter
Sleet
Rain that freezes in air as it falls
Hail
Large ice pellets formed in cumulonimbus clouds
with violent up- and down-drafts
Snow
Ice crystals, or aggregates of ice crystals Glaze, or
Forms of Precipitation (continued)
Freezing rain
Rain that freezes on contact with cold solids at
Earth’s surface
Rime
Fog that freezing on a cold surface at Earth’s
surface
Measuring Precipitation
Rain
Easiest form to measure
Measuring instruments
Standard rain gauge
Uses a funnel to collect and conduct rain
Cylindrical measuring tube measures rainfall in
centimeters or inches
Snow
Measured two ways
By depth
By water equivalent
General ratio is 10 snow units to 1 water unit
The
Standard
Rain
Gauge
Figure 12.23