BOMB

EXPLOSION
INVESTIGATION
Investigating The Bomb Treat

Bomb threat are delivered in a variety of ways, but

most are through telephone calls made unto the
target. Occasionally, these calls are through a third
party. Something a threat is communicated in writing
recording.
These are the three general explanations as to why the
bomber communicate a bomb threat :

1. The caller has definite knowledge or believes that an explosives or

incendiary bomb has been or will be placed, and he or she wants to
minimize personal injury or property damage.
2. The caller may be the person who placed the device or someone who has
become aware of such information
3. The caller wants to create an atmosphere of anxiety and panic that will, in
turn, result in disruption of normal activities at the facility where the device
is supposedly placed.
When Bomb Threat has made through telephone calls, the following
steps should be implemented:

1. Keep the caller on the line as long as possible

2. Ask him or her to repeat the message and record every word spoken by the person;
3. Ask the caller about the location of the bomb and the time detonation of the device
4. Inform the caller that the building is occupied and the detonation of a bomb could kill
or injure innocent people;
5. Pay particular attention to background noise, such as motor vehicle running, music
playing, or any other noise that may give a clue as to the location of the caller
6. Listen closely to the voice, either male or female, voice quality, calm or excited,
accents, and speech impediments
7. Interview the person who received the call for the preceding information.
Responding to Bomb Threat
In responding to the bomb threat , the following reminders must be
strictly observed by the first responders;

1. Refrain from broadcasting while at location, because radio transmission might

trigger the explosive device
2. Anyone involved in the search must not touch any suspected items, if a
suspicious object is located, it should not be touched or disturbed under any
circumstances .
3. Maintain safe distance from explosive device, it must be at least 300 feet away
from the suspected object;
4. Call the Explosive Ordinance Disposal Team ( EODT ) to handle the explosive
device
Precaution During Bomb Search

In raid or search situation in which explosive device is expected to be

encountered, investigation should be accompanied by an explosive expert. This
person can be used to inform the police or law enforcement officers of what type of
device is at hand, and how best to proceed safely with the raid.

Other precautions include the following:

1. Only once officer at a time should approach the suspected booby trap.
2. When trip wires are located, both ends of the wire should be checked.
3. Wires that appear to be electric should not be cut;
4. No containers should be opened without a thorough examination to be made by a
bomb expert.
Elements of Bomb Incident Planning
The plan to be maid to counter bomb incident are physical
security plan and bomb incident plan, and the elements of this plans
are the follows:

1. Control
2. Initiation
3. Evacuation
4. Search
5. Damage Control
6. Detonation
External Appearance of Bomb

1. Pipe Bomb- Steel or PVC pipe section with end caps in just
about any configuration with external fusing such as wick, clock, or battery.
2. Brief cases of boxes- Any style, color, and size including what appear to be
discarded quick food container.
3. Postal service mail- This is especially true if the address is screwed up the
return address and postmark are unexpected or missing.
4. Motor Vehicle- It is one of the most devastating and probably one of the
easiest to plant.
5. Existing Object- Those are items which seem to have a purpose or have no
purpose but could be substituted or use as bomb containers this can be
implemented in airplane, sea vessel, motor vehicle and etc.
Considerations When Bomb Is Found?

It is important to stress that the law enforcement officers evolved in a

search must be instructed that their only mission is to search for, and report
suspicious objects.

Once the suspected bomb is located, the following procedures should be

followed:
1. Report the location and description of the object to the supervisor or command
center.
2. Fire bureau and rescue personnel should also be notified and place on standby
3. Necessary sandbags or mattress, never metal sheets, should be placed around
the suspicious object.
Do not attempt to cover the object, for instead the police or law enforcement
officers should:

1. Identify the danger area, and block it off with a “clear zone” of at least 300 feet,
including floors below and above the object
2. Ensure that all doors and windows are open to minimize primary damage from
the blast and secondary damage from fragmentation
3. Evacuate the building
4. Dot not permit re-entry into building until the device had been removed or
disarmed and the building is declared safe for re-entry.
 TYPES OF BOMB EXPLOSIONS
The shockwaves from an Chemical explosion is produced by
atomic explosion are compositions which contain
similar to those produced explosive compounds and which
by a chemical explosion are compressed together, but do
but will last longer, and A physical explosion can not necessarily need to be
have higher arise when a substance confined in a container
pressure in the positive while being compressed
phase and a lower undergoes a rapid
pressure in the negative physical transformation.
phase.

ATOMIC PHYSICAL CHEMICAL

EXPLOSION EXPLOSION EXPLOSION
 CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICAL EXPLOSION

This type of
They are used
explosive is
primarily as
designed to
propellants because
shatter and
a mechanically
destroy. They
mixed explosive
differ from low
charge to reduce
explosives in that
and minimize the
LOW HIGH they must in
dander of bursting
EXPLOSIVES EXPLOSIVES general, be
the weapon in which
initiated by the
it is used.
shock or a
blasting cap.
VARIOUS TYPES OF EXPLOSIVE TRAINS

LOW EXPLOSIVE SECONDARY HIGH EXPLOSIVE

TRAIN TRAIN

PRIMARY HIGH
EXPLOSIVE TRAIN
LOW EXPLOSIVE TRAIN- A round of small arms ammunition is a simple example of the
low explosive train, with the primer and propellant charge as components.

PRIMARY HIGH EXPLOSIVE TRAIN- Primary explosives are the most sensitive, and are
used to initiate the more insensitive compounds which are termed secondary
explosive.

SECONDARY HIGH EXPLOSIVE BOOSTERS- Since there is a wide range of sensitivity

found among the secondary high explosive, some of the more insensitive explosives
cannot be denoted unless the detonation wave of the primary high explosive blasting
cap is amplified or boosted.
 DIFFERENT CLASSES OF EXPLOSIVE

PRIMARY EXPLOSIVE- primary explosives will detonate readily when they heat or shock.

SECONDARY EXPLOSIVES- secondary explosives are less sensitive than primary

explosives and can only be initiated into detonation by the shock produced by the
explosion of a primary explosive.

PROPELLANTS- propellant are combustible materials containing within them all the
oxygen needed for their combustion. Propellants only burn and do not explode.
 SEVERAL TYPES OF EXPLOSIVE
Pipe Bomb Dynamite

Grenades C4
 COMMON TYPES OF BOMB ATTACTS

MOTOR VEHICLE BOMB- used to kill the occupants of a motor vehicle and to kill
individuals passing in motor vehicle

HUMAN BOMB- This a bomb that is carried out by the terrorists by means of attaching it
to their bodies, and is being detonated once inside or within the target facility.

FRAGMENTATION BOMB- this is design to kill or maim people.

LETTER BOMB- this consist of a relatively small amount of explosives, but enough to kill or
maim.
AIRCRAFT BOMB- this is usually design to explosive when the plane is its air, and
ideally over water.

SEA VESSEL BOMB- this is usually design to explode when the ship is in its voyage.
 PRIMARY EFFECTS OF EXPLOSIONS

BLAST PRESSURE EFFECT- the release of a large volume of gases at a high rate of
speed produces concussion.

FRAGMENTATION EFFECTS- the breakup of the container produces fragments which

are propelled through the air
from the explosions. This effect produces primary shrapnel.

INCENDIARY THERMAL EFFECT- a great amount of heat is release, causing the

ambient temperature to be raised by
Several hundred degrees. This effect may produce secondary fires.
MUNROE EFFECT- if two explosive surfaces are at an acute angle to each other are
simultaneously detonated, the shock waves and gases from each surface will reinforce
each other at their point of interaction.

SPALLING EFFECT- an explosive charge detonating against a piece of steel plate delivers
a hammer blow which causes small fragments of steels to flake or spall-off the opposite
side of all plate; thus thereby producing irregular or concave shape of the plate

MIZNAY-SCHARDIN EFFECT- a concave metal plate situated at one and of a high

explosive charge is projected at a very high velocity in a forward direction by the
detonation wave. This plate is made of resilient or mild steel.
 EFFECTS OF BLAST PRESSURE WAVE

When the explosion charge is donated, a very hot and expanding gases are formed
which exert pressure of
about 700 tons per square inch on the atmosphere surrounding the point of
detonation, and rush away from the point of
Denotation at velocities of up to 7,000 miles per hour; thus, compressing the
surrounding air. This mass of expanding gas rolls outward in circular pattern from the
Point of detonation, and is similar to a giant wave, weighing tons, smashing, and
shattering any objects in its paths. This wave of pressure is called the “blast pressure
wave”. Moreover, the “The blast pressure wave” has two distinct phase which will
exert types of pressures on any object in its path, that is, the first is the “positive
pressure effect” second is the “negative pressure effect”
 COLLECTION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

The collection of physical evidence and minute detail during investigation

of bomb explosion scene is of the most important undertakings of the contemporary
Police or law enforcement agencies. Often, the tangible of physical evidence and the
descriptive information derived in conducting investigation at the bomb explosion
scene make the difference between success and failure when a case is brought to trail.
attention must be devoted at the bomb explosion scene in locating, recovering,
documenting, and reconstructing physical evidence that will be examined by experts in
crime laboratory, and to be used in the furtherance of justice.
 KINDS OF BOMB EXPLOSION INVESTIGATION

Reactive Investigation. After the fact investigation of bomb explosion traditionally

focused initially at the site of detonation in order to recover as many parts of the bomb
as possible.

Following through on this valuable physical evidence can yield important result as follow
a. The part or parts of the bomb may be traced to the source or manufacturer down to
retailer.
b. If a series of bombings have materials have occurred they may be linked to show a
common origin that is, clue materials from each event, then may be pooled to
further the investigation.
c. Bomb parts recovered at the explosion scene can be compared to similar parts or
materials found in the bomb factory when, if it finally located.
Individuals who might possess useful information become known to criminal
investigation through diverse sources as follows; (a) an organization may lay claim to
having placed the bomb and same organization is likely to be known to the police if it has
been active in the past in any of the following (1) disruptive picketing, (2) harassment of
speakers who are discussing current social or political issues, and (3) distribution of
inflammatory pamphlets supporting or opposing an issue; (b) when an item of physical
evidence is traced to the place where it was bought, an identification of the purchaser
may result from a record of transaction; and (c) an informant, especially an average
citizen who observed and report some unusual, suspicious behavior to the police can
point to a suspect.
Proactive Investigation. A proactive investigation focuses on the gathering of
physical evidence which proves the involvement of a suspected perpetrator in a bomb
explosion. In proactive investigation, the subject has a criminal record with several
convictions for the same crime. Bombings by terrorists, yet has seen few persons
convicted, much less released and who may be the subject of proactive investigation.
Nevertheless, there are organizations whose members are capable of terrorist’s
bombings. The problems facing those conducting proactive investigation, is to
determine who are the members of the terrorist’s groups to be subjected to proactive
investigation.
THANK YOU!