CHAPTER 1

Matter, Energy, and the

Origins of the Universe
Chapter Outline

 1.1 Classes of Matter

 » Classification of Matter: Pure Substances vs Mixtures

 » Elements vs Compounds

 ▪ 1.2 Matter: An Atomic View

 ▪ 1.3 Mixtures and How to Separate Them
 ▪ 1.4 Properties of Matter
 ▪ 1.5 A Framework for Solving Problems
 ▪ 1.6 States of Matter
 ▪ 1.7 The Scientific Method: Starting Off with a Bang
 ▪ 1.8 Making Measurements and Expressing the Result
 ▪ 1.9 Unit Conversion and Dimensional Analysis
 ▪ 1.10Testing a Theory: The Big Bang Revisited
Chemistry: Definitions

 ▪ Chemistry—study of matter, its composition, structure, and properties.

 ▪ Matter—anything that occupies space and has mass.

 ▪ Mass—defines the quantity of matter in an object.

Classes of Matter

 Types of Matter:
 1. Pure substances
 » Same physical and chemical properties throughout.
 » Cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical processes.

 2. Mixtures
 » Composed of two or more pure substances.
 » Can be separated by physical processes.
Pure Substances

 ▪ Elements:
 • A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by
chemical or physical means.

 ▪ Compounds:
 • Pure substance composed of two or more elements combined in definite
proportions.
 • Can be broken down into individual elements by chemical means.
Compounds

 ▪ Law of Constant Composition:

 • Every sample of a compound always contains the same elements in the
same proportions.
 • Water (H2O)
 » Consists of two units of hydrogen (H) combined with one unit of oxygen (O).
 » Elements and proportions represented by chemical formula
Mixtures

 ▪ Homogeneous:
 • Constituents are distributed uniformly throughout the sample.
 » Examples: salt water, brass (metal alloy)

 ▪ Heterogeneous:
 • Individual components can be seen as separate substances.
 » Examples: chocolate chip cookies, concrete