P A R A P H R A S I N G

A N D
S U M M A R I Z I N G
MAYOR LEI
 Agenda
Paraphrasing
Writing a Summary or a Precis

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Paraph
rasing
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is a process in which a
writer restates the insights found in a
reference using his her own words.

Primary Goal: Capture the essence of your selected passage using your own words.

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Process of Paraphrasing
Repeatedly read the passage to be paraphrased until you have completely
understood what it says. Doing so will help you arrive at an accurate
understanding of the text at hand and prevent yourself from misquoting a
passage.

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 Process of Paraphrasing

The second chapter of Paulo Freire’s Pedagogy of the Oppressed offers

us a libertarian model of education called problem-posing education,
asserting man’s freedom over the education system’s apparent
oppression of the students through banking education. As opposed to
banking education, problem-posing education does not view the
teacher as the sole interpreter and disseminator of information in the
classroom. The Freirean education model empowers students by
allowing them to join in the process of inquiry, to think critically as
they interact with reality, and to bring out their creativity by allowing
them to contribute to the intellectual discourse in the classroom.

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 Process of Paraphrasing
Do not look at the passage while you are writing your paraphrase. Doing so might
influence your choice of words in your paraphrase. If it does, then your paraphrase may
bear a lot of resemblance with the original passage, and this constitutes plagiarism.
Plagiarism using another person’s ideas without proper attribution.

Common Types of Plagiarism

a) Word-for-Word (Verbatim) Plagiarism
b) Word order Plagiarism
c) Idea Plagiarism

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 Word-for-word (Verbatim) Plagiarism
• Also known as cut-and-paste plagiarism.
• Happens when a researcher copies the work of another writer word-
for-word or verbatim and claims it as his or her own.
Word order Plagiarism
• Happens when a writer changes some of the words of another author
to make the work look as if it were his or her own.

Idea Plagiarism
• Happens when a writer paraphrases a work and includes it
into his or her own article without proper attribution.
Thus, it is important to cite the sources of all borrowed
ideas found in a paper.

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 Process of Paraphrasing

Rough Draft: Initial Paraphrase of the Passage

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 Process of Paraphrasing
After writing your paraphrase, read the original passage once again to check if
you were able to accurately capture its meaning. By doing this you will avoid
misquoting your source.

Check whether your paraphrase has errors in grammar or mechanics: Always

assume that your academic paper will be read by an international audience and,
as such, your paraphrases should more or less be free of errors in grammar and
mechanics so that your readers will not have a hard time deciphering your ideas.

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 Process of Paraphrasing

Edited Draft

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 Process of Paraphrasing
Always cite your source: The format may vary
depending on the nature of the paper you are working
on.
Academic Paper Magazine Article or
• APA (American Psychological Association, for Natural Manual
and Social Sciences) • Mention where you got
• MLA (Modern Language Association, for the your ideas.
Humanities)
• Turabian
.

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 TIP
• Integrating direct quotes and
paraphrases into your writing
may be tricky since your
reference’s train of thought may
be largely different from yours.
• For direct quotes, try to build
up on them in the construction
of your own sentences.
• Do not forget to enclose direct
quotes in double quotation
marks (“ “).

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 Process of Paraphrasing

Your Sample Paraphrase

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 When can you say
that a paraphrase
is eff ective?

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 Paraphrasing

Sample final draft of a paraphrase (provided by author)

Paolo Freire’s problem posing model of education empowers

students by allowing them to ask pertinent questions about the
world, critically interact with reality, and contribute original ideas in
their perspective classes (Wyson, 2009)

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Writing a
Summary
or a
Precis

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Writing a Summary or Precis
Summary or a Precis
• Synopsis or digest of the essence of an entire text.
• Usually, a Critique.

When summarizing: make sure that you capture all the major points of a text,
leaving out details which may confuse the readers.

Helpful Tips in Summarizing

• Read the text you are about to summarize over and over again.

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Helpful Tips in Summarizing
• Identify the main idea of the text you are planning to summarize.
Present this as the first sentence of your summary to provide your
readers with a clear overview of what the academic text is about.
• Put your feet into your reader’s shoes. Do not assume that your readers
have already read the text you are summarizing. For this reason, all of
the points that may be deemed unfamiliar by the readers should be
explained in your summary.
• Ensure a smooth flow of ideas. Use appropriate transition devices for
your readers to easily notice the relationship of one idea to another.
Avoid presenting your ideas in a haphazard or choppy manner; always
make sure that the sentence are cohesive.

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 Helpful Tips in Summarizing
• Limit your summary to a few sentences. Once more, your main
objective for writing a summary is to capture the main essence of
the text and not give away even the minutest od the text’s details to
your audience. Remember that your main priority in giving a
summary is to enable your readers to understand the text you are
dealing with the way you do.
• Do not forget to proofread your work!

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 The Main Idea

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 Points that may possibly be unfamiliar to your
readers:
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 A Graphic Organizer / Brief Outline of the Text

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 Your Summary

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