Lecture 2

General Chemistry 2
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Lesson Objective:

• To use the kinetic molecular model to

explain properties of states of matter.
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Kinetic Theory
• The word kinetic refers to motion.
• The energy an object has because of its
motion is called kinetic energy.
• According to the kinetic theory, all matter
consists of tiny particles that are in constant
motion.
• The particles in a gas are usually molecules
or atoms.
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Kinetic Theory and a Model for

Gases •assumptions
The kinetic theory as it applies to gases includes the following fundamental
about gases.

The particles in a gas are considered to be

small, hard spheres with an insignificant
volume.
– Within a gas, the particles are relatively far apart
compared with the distance between particles in a
liquid or solid.
– Between the particles, there is empty space.
– No attractive or repulsive forces exist between gas
particles.
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Kinetic Theory and a Model for

Gases assumptions about gases.
•The kinetic theory as it applies to gases includes the following fundamental

The motion of particles

in a gas is rapid,
constant, and random. Bromine
molecule

– Gases fill their containers

regardless of the shape and
volume of the containers.
– An uncontained gas can spread
out into space without limit.
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Kinetic Theory and a Model for

Gases assumptions about gases.
•The kinetic theory as it applies to gases includes the following fundamental

The motion of particles

in a gas is rapid,
constant, and random.
– The rapid, constant motion of
particles in a gas causes
them to collide with one
another and with the walls of
their container.
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Kinetic Theory and a Model for

Gases assumptions about gases.
•The kinetic theory as it applies to gases includes the following fundamental

The motion of particles

in a gas is rapid,
constant, and random.
– The particles travel in straight-
line paths until they collide with
another particle.
– The particles change direction only
when they rebound from collisions.
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Kinetic Theory and a Model for

Gases
All collisions between particles in a gas are
perfectly elastic.
– During an elastic collision, kinetic energy is
transferred without loss from one particle to another.
– The total kinetic energy remains constant.
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•Describe an elastic collision between gas molecules.

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•Describe an elastic collision between gas molecules.

An elastic collision is one in which kinetic

energy is transferred from one particle to
another with no overall loss of kinetic
energy.
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Kinetic Theory Review

What are the 3 parts of the kinetic theory?

• Tiny particles, insignificant volume

• Rapid, random, constant motion
• Collisions perfectly elastic- no loss of KE
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Gas Pressure
Gas pressure is the result of billions of
rapidly moving particles in a gas
simultaneously colliding with an object.
• If no particles are present, no collisions can
occur. Consequently, there is no pressure.
• An empty space with no particles and no
pressure is called a vacuum.
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Kinetic Energy and Temperature

• Average Kinetic Energy
The average kinetic energy of the
particles in a substance is directly related
to the substance’s temperature.
• An increase in the average kinetic energy of
the particles causes the temperature of a
substance to rise.
• As a substance cools, the particles tend to
move more slowly, and their average kinetic
energy decreases.
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Kinetic Energy and Temperature

• Average Kinetic Energy
Absolute zero (0 K, or –273.15oC) is the
temperature at which the motion of
particles theoretically ceases.
• No temperature can be lower than absolute
zero.
• Absolute zero has never been produced in
the laboratory.
– A near-zero temperature of about 0.000 000 000 1 K,
which is 0.1 nanokelvin, has been achieved.
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What is the result of increasing the

temperature of a gas sample?
A. A decrease in the average kinetic
energy of the sample
B. No effect on the sample
C. An increase in the average kinetic
energy of the sample
D. The particles slow down.
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What is the result of increasing the

temperature of a gas sample?
A. A decrease in the average kinetic
energy of the sample
B. No effect on the sample
C. An increase in the average kinetic
energy of the sample
D. The particles slow down.
When a solid dissolves in a liquid what
happens to the particles of the solid?
The balloon is getting smaller, but you
don’t see any gas coming out, why?
Try this Yourself!
Simulation Activity
Copy the link below and paste it on your computer browser.
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/states-of-matter/latest/states-of-matte
r_en.html