Foundation and Foundamental

+2 SCIENCE/MANAGEMENT/
HUMANITIES/LAW
Chapter 1: Foundation and

fundamental of chemistry
• Chemistry : It is a branch of science which deals with the composition, properties
and transformation of matters.
• Chemistry is sub divided into following major branches
• 1.Inorganic chemistry
• 2.Physical chemistry
• 3.Organic chemistry
• 4.Analytical chemistry
• 5.Bio chemistry
HUMANITIES/LAW
Importance of chemistry
• The science of chemistry has contributed much to improve the life of
human beings. It has offered its services through
• production of many commodities such as paper, glass, cement, oils, dyes,
drugs, metal, alloys etc.
• Synthesis of camphor cocaine plant pigments and red colouring matter of
blood etc.
• Development of other science such as Physiology, geology and agriculture
which are helping in the analysis of soil, water, fertilizers, insecticides,
germicides, etc.
• Examination of crimes and frauds and limiting Improper exploitation of
chemical discoveries.
• Matter is anything which occupies space, possesses mass and can be
HUMANITIES/LAW
judged by one or more of the five senses.

HUMANITIES/LAW
Matter can be classified into two ways, physical classification and chemical
classification.
Physical classification of matter classified into three types
Solid, liquids and gases
1. Solids : It has definite shape and volume. In its molecules are very closely packed
with very little space between them and are tightly held by strong force of
attraction.
2. Liquids : It has definite volume but doesn't have definite shape molecules are
closely packed, but not tightly held like solids.
3. Gases : It has neither definite volume nor definite shape. Molecules are very far
apart and free to move in all possible direction. Intermolecular forces of attraction
are very weak.
HUMANITIES/LAW
Chemical classification of matter

HUMANITIES/LAW
• On the basis of chemical composition, matter is either pure substance or

impure substance.
• Pure substance: Substance that cannot be split physically into more than
one kind of substance is called pure substance. It contains only one kind
of atoms or molecules. It is perfectly homogeneous. It has a definite
composition, which does not change with time. It is classified into two
types:
1. Element 2. Compound
HUMANITIES/LAW
• Elements: They are basic constituents of all matter. Element is the

simplest form of matter and therefore cannot be split into simpler
substances by any chemical or physical method. There are 118 element
discovered till now. Among them,92 elements are naturally occurring and
rest are artificially made in laboratories.
Types of element:
1. Metal 2. Non-metal 3. Metalloid
HUMANITIES/LAW
1. Metals are those elements which reflect light and hence possess Lustre.
They are very good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable and ductile
and possess high density. Some common examples of metals are copper,
silver, gold, aluminium, iron, tin, nickel, chromium, mercury, etc.
2. Non metals are those elements which do not reflect light and hence do
not possess lustre. They are brittle, poor conductor of heat and electricity
and exist in all three state. Example,sulphur, phosphorus, iodine, etc. are
solids. Bromine is a liquid while oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, chlorine, etc are
gases.
HUMANITIES/LAW
3. Metalloids are those elements which possess the characteristic of both

metal as well as non metals. The common examples of metalloid are
silicon, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, etc.
Compound : A compound is defined as pure substance containing two or

more than two elements combined together in a fixed proportion by
weight, and which can be decomposed into its constituents by suitable
chemical methods. For example. Water, sulphur dioxide, sulphuric acid,
carbon dioxide, etc.
HUMANITIES/LAW
Types of compounds :
• 1. organic compounds : These are the compounds, which are
generally obtained from living sources such as plants and animals.
Example carbohydrates, oils, fats, protein, etc.
• 2. Inorganic compounds : These are the compounds, which are
obtained from non living sources such as rocks, mineral, etc.
Example, common salt, marble, washing soda etc.
HUMANITIES/LAW
Basic concept of chemistry

1.Atom : Atom is the smallest particle of an element which can take part in
a chemical reaction. It consists of sub-atomic particles. They are electron,
proton and neutron.
Chemical symbol is a short characteristic notation of an element. It is an

abbreviated form for the full name of an element.
HUMANITIES/LAW
Symbol of a few elements with their lattin names are

given below:
Element Latin name Symbol Element Latin name Symbol
Tin Stannum Sn Sodium Natrium Na
Silver Argentum Ag Potassium Kalium K
Mercry Hydrargyrum Hg Lead Plumbum Pb
Iron Ferrum Fe Gold Aurum Au
Copper Cuprum Cu Antimony Stibium Sb

HUMANITIES/LAW
Symbols of a few familiar

elements are tabulated as
follows :
Element Symbol Element Symbol
Aluminium Al Zinc Zn
Barium Ba Sulphur S
Boron B Silicon Si
Bromine Br Platinum Pt
Calcium Ca Phosphorus P
Carbon C Oxygen O
Chlorine Cl Nitrogen N
Chromium Cr Manganese Mn
Fluorine F Magnesium Mg
Hydrogen H Iodine I
HUMANITIES/LAW
Symbols of a few familiar elements in honour of the

scientists are tabulated as :
Element Name of the scientists Symbol
Mendelevium Mendeleef Md
Nobelium Alfred nobel No
Fermium Enricofermi Fm
Einstenium Albert Einstein Es
Curium Madam curie Cm
• Symbol of a few familiar elements from the names of

planet are tabulated as :
Element Name of the planet Symbol
Uranium Uranus U
Neptunium Neptune Np
Plutonium Pluto Pu
HUMANITIES/LAW
Symbols of a few familiar elements from the names of

countries, city and universities are tabulated as:
Element Name Symbol
Americium America Am
Pollonium Poland Po
Californium University of California Cf
Berkelium City of berkely Bk
• Note : Wolfram is a German name for tungsten so its symbol is W
• Significance of a chemical symbol:
• 1 qualitative significance : a symbol is the identity of a given element. There is no repetition of
symbols for the elements so it has its qualitative value . E.g. Na always stands for sodium not
for any other element.
• 2 quantitative significance: a symbol of an element has its quantitative value also e.g. Na and
2Na stand for 1 atom and 2 atoms of sodium. They also tell 1 and 2 atomic mass or 1 g atom
and 2 g atom of sodium respectively.
HUMANITIES/LAW
2.Molecules: The smallest unit of a substance which has its independent

existence is called molecule. Molecule of an element contains only one
type of an atoms and molecule of a compound contains more than one
type of atoms
a. Homoatomic:
Monoatomic-He, Ne
Diatomic- H2, Cl2
Polyatomic-O3,P4
b. Heteroatomic-H20,NH3,PCl5
HUMANITIES/LAW
3.Ions: Atom or group of atoms bearing electrical charge are called ions.
• The ions having positive charge are called cations. Eg: Na+, K+, Fe+++etc.
• The ions having negative charge are called anions. Eg:Cl-,Br-,CN-,CO3—etc.
4.Radicals: A radical is defined as ''an atom or group of atom having positive
or negative charge or no charge which behaves as a single unit in a given
chemical reaction''.
HUMANITIES/LAW
Types
a. Basic/Electropositive radicals : The radicals having positive charge which
are derived from base(except H+)are called basic radicals. e.g:Na+,Fe++
etc.
b. Acid/Electronegative radicals: The radicals having negative charge which
are derived from acid(except OH-)are called acid
radicals.e.g:Cl-,SO4--,NO3-etc.
c. Neutral/Free radicals: A molecule, ion or atom that has one or more
unpaired electrons.eg:Cl22Cl/2Cl.
HUMANITIES/LAW
HUMANITIES/LAW
HUMANITIES/LAW
HUMANITIES/LAW
HUMANITIES/LAW
HUMANITIES/LAW
HUMANITIES/LAW
HUMANITIES/LAW
HUMANITIES/LAW
HUMANITIES/LAW
HUMANITIES/LAW
HUMANITIES/LAW
HUMANITIES/LAW
HUMANITIES/LAW
HUMANITIES/LAW
HUMANITIES/LAW
HUMANITIES/LAW
HUMANITIES/LAW
HUMANITIES/LAW

Foundation and Foundamental

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Foundation and Foundamental

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

+2 SCIENCE/MANAGEMENT/

Chapter 1: Foundation and

judged by one or more of the five senses.

Chemical classification of matter

• On the basis of chemical composition, matter is either pure substance or

• Elements: They are basic constituents of all matter. Element is the

3. Metalloids are those elements which possess the characteristic of both

Compound : A compound is defined as pure substance containing two or

Basic concept of chemistry

Chemical symbol is a short characteristic notation of an element. It is an

Symbol of a few elements with their lattin names are

Element Latin name Symbol Element Latin name Symbol

Tin Stannum Sn Sodium Natrium Na

Silver Argentum Ag Potassium Kalium K

Mercry Hydrargyrum Hg Lead Plumbum Pb

Iron Ferrum Fe Gold Aurum Au

Copper Cuprum Cu Antimony Stibium Sb

Symbols of a few familiar

Symbols of a few familiar elements in honour of the

• Symbol of a few familiar elements from the names of

Symbols of a few familiar elements from the names of

2.Molecules: The smallest unit of a substance which has its independent

You might also like